Community Development for Race and Diversity

confederacy growing for Race and miscellaneaDesign or evaluate any physical exertion within the field of Community exploitation demanded at managing locomote and potpourri. mental home According to the international Federation of companionable oeuvreers, the definition of affable lick is given as followsThe affectionate work profession labors cordial qualify, task solving in human traffichips and the empowerment and liberation of hatful to enhance hygienic-being. Utilizing theories of human behaviour and fond systems, affectionate work intervenes at the points where muckle interact with their surrounds. Principles of human rights and hearty justice ar fundamental to social work (from IFSW General meeting, Canada, 2000 in ifsw.org).Social work poop be theoretic wholey represented as an interrelated system of determine that uses a mix of theory and dress to address the communication and transaction of wad with their society and environment. Social work an d social policies aim to fulfill peoples goals and wishes by athletic supportering them to develop their full potential and to both overcome or prevent any kind of dysfunction. Ethics argon taboostanding as social actors promote equality and work for the oppress to facilitate their social inclusion (Mullender, 2003). Social work research and work out obligate provided knowledge and means of evaluation of social work practices, which be particular to situations. Individuals argon affected by multiple bio-psycho-social factors in the society, family and environment (Donald et al, 1992). Theories of human reading and behaviour help in the analysis of the influences of social and cultural changes on behavior highlighting the injustice and inequality in society. Social workers thus help in affecting changes in societies, families and in peoples lie ins. Social work and indemnity is based on the frequent humanitarian and democratic ideals promoting valet rights and Social ju stice. Social workers in addition respond to crises and emergency situations and in like manner provide counseling and advise to help people overcome their personal, social and long term problems. Thus a social worker is expected to be skilled and should focus on the holistic learning of the individual or society. Social work and policies fundament affect individual psychological processes or green goddess ingest supply and festering for society at large. many of the common activities that social worker engage in argon counseling, group social work, clinical work, family therapy and treatment, bringing up and advise, and emergency relief work. Social workers ar in like manner involved in administration and policy making along with political involvement for sparing and social development of the lodge of interests. Although promoting human rights, justice and equality ar universal aims of all social policies, the focusing social workers engage in companionship devel opment tend to vary from one place to a nonher depending on cultural, historical and social factors (Arredondo, 1996).In this essay we will dis come oute familiarity development considering the perspective of racial kind and focus on the cooperation surrounded by mainstream groups and minority cultural groups that should be necessary aspect of social work. We discuss inter-racial fundamental fundamental interaction and partnership connection as important in social development and promoting more(prenominal) interracial interaction come alongs to be a pivotal practice in social work that piece of tail help change attitudes of people towards other cultural groups.Race and Community Development discolour (2002) challenges the intentional colour-blind attitude towards federation development, which he says is impractical and masks and at the same time highlights the centrality of flight in any conjunction development agenda. White identifies three dimensions of developmen t namely, the material surfacecomes, the techniques of transformation and the modes of knowing. He emphasizes on an analysis of racial innovation and fluidity among racial groups and citing Omi and Winants work suggests that development comprises of racial formation which is made up of a vast range of diverse and contradictory racial projects linking the meaning of ethnic, racial and national identities.Akdere (2005) suggests that the meaning of race, social class, purification and ethnicity have changed considerably in the last few years and continues to evolve considering the rapid changes in social structure. on that point has been tremendous growth of diverse populations in neighborhoods and administrative policy changes have forced community leaders to approach organisational dispute with great kind. Akdere use appreciative inquiry method to achieve a satisfactory participation level among community people to assist dialog amongst participants and promote systematic view and practice. The paper supports the use of grateful Inquiry method as an appropriate method of systematic practice.Problems associated with the stream empirical measurement of ethnic diversity within economic development have been examined by Okediji (2005). pagan diversity variables include race, religion, and the measures on these aspects atomic number 18 compared with other variables on ethnicity. The subscribe to cites related results to suggest that disparities and divagations in ethnic diversity among countries are non as great as sham generally. Okediji suggests that a comprehensive and accurate measure of ethnic diversity is non just related only to a linguistic measurement that defines ethnicity rump in that respect are other factors as well.Diversity and race differences are closely related as a proper mind of racial variations sometimes serve as the groundwork of both racial classifications and also ethnic diversity. Barbujani (2005) suggests that all a dult male belong to a few biological types or races and evolved in closing off although sophisticated genetics have not been able to find any significant differences in the genetic structures of humans belonging to divers(prenominal) racial types. Thus racial labels have not been associated with clear genetic structures. Most scientists however still insist that racial classifications have a genetic and scientific basis and this fact may be even indispensable in epidemiology. However all classifications of race based on the splendidest genetic evidence have been useless or controversial and there is still no proper consensus on the subbroadcast or definitions of variant human races. The author highlights that there is a geographic structure in human genome diversity and it is also possible to vulgarize the continent of origin of a particular race from an individuals genotype although any clear genetic boundaries necessary to distinguishableiate relatively isolated mating units or races have not yet been identified. Barbujani points out that allele frequencies and synthetic descriptors of genetic variation are distributed over different gradients a tag the planets suggesting a sort of gene flow instead than isolation of different mating groups. Interracial mixing seems to shape human genome diversity although the paper clearly states that a better showing of the patterns of human diversity can be understood by examining the evolutionary processes that is absolutely important for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools of individual genotypes rather than race specific genotypes which is not yet clearly defined or identified.Shaw and Barrett-Power (2005) emphasize that diversity is a crucial factor in organizational life as all organizations, whether professional or social are becoming progressively diversified in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, nationality, origin and personality patterns of members of the group. There have been very few studies giving the exact impact of diversity on group or organizational culture or on small group processes or performances. Some influences of diversity on organizational culture are definitely positive although effects may be shun while in certain situations, there may be no effects at all. The developments and influences of diversity in a group may be explained by using the group-development copy that helps in examining the impact of diversity on group processes and performance. This model is based on ideals of Jackson et al (1995) and Milliken and Martin (1996) (in Shaw et al, 2005), and shows that diversity does have considerable influence on group development and performance. The aspects and creations considered in the model are personal attributes of group members which are obtrusive and underlying as well as cognitive effigy dissimilarities, cost and rewards, diversity management skills, cognitive performance resources and integration of group behaviour. The dowers of the model are discussed and the specific hypothesis is that social group performance may be positively or negatively affected by diversity.several(prenominal) research studies have tried to understand the exact equation between racial characteristics, neighbourhood contexts and development. Marschall and Stolle (2004) designate that socioeconomic and racial characteristics of an individuals environment not only influences group consciousness and solidarity but also views of the society towards minority and majority ethnic groups. The paper points out that context, social interaction and inter-racial experiences combine to shape general psychological orientations. The authors conduct a neighbourhood level analysis examining race, racial attitudes, social interactions and residential patterns to lead the attitudes towards ethnicity and race issues. Marschall and Stolle emphasize that the neighbourhood context plays an important role in shaping civic orientations although diversity and interracial interaction and context of uses o promote such interaction seems to be crucial to develop a verbalise inter-racial trust for the development of the community.Increased sensitivity towards diversity and interracial interaction is important to promote social and community development. This is also true in college campuses and in a study by Chang et al (2004) national longitudinal data from a set of college students was used to examine the educational relevancy of cross racial interaction and the way the campuses can best habituate such opportunities. The results of most similar studies suggest that cross racial interaction has positive effects on students intellectual, social psychological and civic development. Chang and colleagues suggested that a large proportion of students of colour should be enrolled in institutions and students should be offered more opportunities to live and work on campus. The paper suggests that white students definitely come up on in psychological and social experiences when they interact with students from the ethnic minority although cross racial interaction may not be completely good for students of colour. However, despite these differences, cross racial interaction remains an important component for development of attitudes of tolerance and this is an essential aspect of social development of the community in general.More on the relationship of adult learning, especially in universities with ethnic and cultural diversity has been analyze by Osler and Starkey (2000). This study centre on distance learning students of French language and culture highlighting the political grandeur of language learning within the European context. alone foreign language learning policies are meant to have an impact on the development of democratic participation and citizenship rights. Few students are asked to give opinions on questions of identity and treatment of racism or different races suggesting the links betwe en racism and discourses on modernity and identity. speech communication learning has been considered as a reflexive process and through learning, students gain their protest perspectives on their own culture as well as other foreign cultures. Students are encouraged to present their own views and actively participate in understanding foreign cultures to promote diversity in study situations. However the authors argue that positive representations of multiculturalism within language learning courses are likely to probe inadequate in enabling students to identify the barriers to democratic participation. The different themes that are considered here are immigration, integration and identity although the structural barriers of participation are also identified. The paper stressed on the take away to encourage students to deepen their understanding of race, modernity and identities in their own society.In other relevant and similar study, Shields (2000) argue how curriculum develo pment in naturalise is closely related to the portrayal of the school as communities. Shields suggests that in the modern complex and complex public schools, where all types of students with different ethnic and racial backgrounds interact, the notion of schools as complete homogeneous communities with shared beliefs, norms and values seem inadequate. Ethnic and racial differences must be used as a resource, according to the author and ideas of feminism, multiculturalism and inclusive education have to be used to develop the concept of school communities. The advantages of multicultural and racial diversity are highlighted here and the major advantages are that join ond interaction between racial groups whereas the disadvantage is that there are possibilities of increased fragmentation and polarisation as well. However on a positive note as pointed out in the paper the differences can be used as basis or foundation for community development so that marginalisation of others can l ead to barriers. Shields points out that, Explicitly embracing the need to identify and respectfulness difference, being bold to new ideas without taking an exclusionary position, and committing to ongoing participation in dialogical processes may help schools to develop as more authentic communities of difference(Shields, 2000, p.275). Thus communities of difference can still be communities that can live and work together learning from and respecting each other and this co-existing culture should be promoted in climates of turbulent educational culture and new reforms based on tolerance and co-existence can help restructure schools to ensure that all students no matter of race have the same opportunities and quality of instruction.Some of the proposals of improving interaction in student community and improving the status of schools as communities involve modifying leading in the community and government structures, as well as overcoming existing power bases, developing mechani sms of account cleverness, enhancing professionalism and coordinating for adequate distribution of community resources. Citing Barth 1990, Fuller 1993, Shields suggest that the focus on schools as organizations should change to recognize schools as communities by themselves, given the diversity of students enrolled. However as argued there is very little understanding of the concept of community and what it looks and how the concept of community can be implemented in a school setting and what has to be done about it. Theories of schools as communities have been drawn from Tonnies concept of gemeinschaft which however is based more on a romanticised view of the yesteryear than on improving education in modern dynamic, complex and heterogeneous schools which can be seen as communities (Shields cites Beck and Kratzer, 1994). Several other writers cited by Shields are Fine (1997) and Furman (1998) and they have also advanced notions of communities, of racial coexistence as well a cultu res of differences of otherness among different ethnic groups. Many authors have suggested that rather than considering schools as communities because of its affiliation to established norms, values or traditions, schools should be considered as communities by virtue of its racial and ethnic diversity. A school community in which differences are highlighted can add to community development and common sacramental manduction of values and ideals only when there is a common amount of money principle established to negotiate and iron out differences and disparities in beliefs and values as participants would learn to respect and listen to each other. Bonds and boundaries among school students of different racial backgrounds are constructed, not forcefully but via respect and open communication.Shields, as other many researchers have worked with many schools to address the need of diverse student bodies and have become increasingly aware of the limitations of the concept of community which is described with an emphasis on shared values, norms, beliefs and highlight a question by Barth (1990) How can we make conscious, deliberate use of differences in social class, gender, age, ability, race, and interest as resources for learning? (p. 514). Shields points out that gender, race and ability are the three elements of differences that can define or help understand an educational community. As the author points out , both theory and practice should be used to suggest how the implications of reflections on theory and practice can help to reconceptualise and improve social policy making, community development and social work practice. Shields paper aims to give an analysis of schools as communities of difference as well as communities of diversity. Differences and diversity are both dealt with from the perspective of changes in society although there may be many problems inherent in such inter-racial coexistence. The use of diversity as a means of thinking about or de fining community makes differences an essential part of an synergetic society and social workers seem to have an important role in promoting unity and interaction in diversity and difference.Evidence of racial DiversityRacial diversity and cultural differences are issues not just in schools and smaller communities but also in many workplaces, hospitals and clinical settings. Racial diversity is part of womens social issues, in technical work groups, in developing leadership qualities and management broadcasts. Several practices to manage racial diversity within the community aims at improving intercultural relations, along with promoting amend communication and interaction among different ethnic groups (Rutherford, 1990). This in turn improves leadership and management skills of people and serves the great goal of community development.Feminist theories and perspectives are in focus when we discuss workplace differences and many scholars realize that to increase potentialities a nd opportunities for women in the workplace gender awareness has to be alternated by multicultural awareness. Betters-Reed and Moore (1995) emphasize the need to explain the current management development paradigm that does not recognize diversity among women. They suggest a new all-embracing paradigm for establishing a successful multicultural organization where opinions of all women as well as members of ethnic communities could be brought to light. The initial stages of individual and organizational awareness of understanding yet reconciling with differences is followed by the recognition that women also need to be treated equally in the field of management. There is a growing need to shift new approaches, attitudes and paradigms that recognizes womens roles to replace older values in existing management development practices. courting Study For our case study we conducted interviews on 150 social members, all British citizens from the blue part of Yorkshire in the UK. Among t he 150 community members 50, were from the Muslim faith of Arabic origin, 50 from Christian community within Europe, and the rest 50 from Asian Hindu faith. The attitudes of all community towards members of other communities were studied using a questionnaire and a five-point scale. The questionnaire consisted of 100 questions and the answers ranged from strongly agree to agree, to deaf(p) to disagree and strongly disagree. The questions were targeted to find out about the attitudes, whether positive or negative towards other different racial, ethnic or religious groups. altogether the responses were shortenn on a five-point scale and scores were then put through statistical analysis to get the results. Questions ranged from you feel comfortable in the presence of members of other religious groups to you are completely against inter-racial or inter-religious jointure or relationships of any kind. Following statistical analysis of the results we aim to promote inter-racial inter action by designing community programs that would necessitate or encourage participation of all ethnic, racial and religious groups.Our inter-cultural and inter-racial interaction program is thus aimed at promoting social harmony and friendship and positive relations among different ethnic and religious groups within the particular region of northern Yorkshire in Britain. As we have seen from all the research evidence discussed, greater and more central role of women, developing leadership and management perspectives as well as an open racial policy in schools and hospitals can actually help in leading a community towards change community development and evolved inter-racial relations. Our social work practice community program was based on the following featuresPromoting inter-racial group activitiesPromoting and encouraging inter-racial and inter-cultural programsEncouraging women to take initiative in community development growing active leadership programsInter-racial culture a nd interactive associations to be promoted ion community centers, clubs, hospitals, libraries, workplaces, schools and religious institutions.Considering these features and results from our initial study which suggested that there are huge cultural differences in how other communities are perceived by ethnic or racial groups, we suggest that progression of a dialogue culture and greater interaction among community members in all walks of life is essential for promotion of diversity and cultural unity. closedownIn this essay we highlighted several studies that have emphasized on the need for promoting an interracial culture to encourage diversity in all aspects of life. A case study discussed here shows the differences in opinions of different cultural and racial groups in their perception of other ethnic groups. Following the initial study, we mentioned the importance of womens role, leadership, management goals, and focus on group discussion and interracial participation in cultur al and social programs as important in promoting diversity and racial sensitivity. We stressed on the need for interaction and suggested that a practice of group discussions, organized community work, and regular meetings of different community members promoted by social workers can go a long way in changing a society of differences and diversity, into a society of unity, sharing and intercultural dialogue.BibliographyAKDERE, MESUT, February 2005,Appreciative Inquiry A Field Study of Community DevelopmentSystemic Practice and Action Research wad 18, anatomy 1, pp. 21-34(14)Kluwer academic PublishersARREDONDO, P. 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