Anna Karenina

Marital infidelity is condemned by law, religion and society in almost any country, more so in late 19th century Russia. In our modern culture as well, the unfaithful woman gets greater censure than the man who is guilty of it. This is also the case in Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina. Oblonsky (Stiva) cheats on his wife, not once but twice, but he gets no more than a gentle reprimand. Anna Karenina, on the other hand, earns severe contempt from society for her adulterous liaison with the dashing Count Vronsky. On the surface, Tolstoy himself must have realized the gravity of her crime and to appease the moralists of his day he had to make her pay for it: she commits suicide, crushed beneath an oncoming train. But an in-depth comparison of Stiva’s and Anna’s infidelities, seen in the light of Tolstoyan thought, would suggest the author did not intend to condemn Anna’s deed alone, but the entire society of his day for its hypocrisy, its double standard of morality. Discussing the inequality of rights in marriage between men and women, Pestsov acknowledged that â€Å"the inequality in marriage†¦lay in the fact that the infidelity of the wife and the infidelity of the husband are punished unequally, both by the law and by public opinion. † (4. 12). Conservative Russia and even contemporary society would tend to look at Stiva with greater understanding and even approval. This emerges after a brief comparison between him and Anna vis-a-vis their adulterous affairs. Oblonsky (Stiva) intended to keep his infidelities a secret; Dolly found out about his affair with the French governess only by his carelessness. In contrast, Anna flirted openly with Vronsky despite knowing Kitty was in love with him and was waiting for his proposal. While it was not her fault that Vronsky followed her in the train, letting other people into the budding romance, she could have observed some degree of decorum or discreetness in his affair with the handsome officer, but she did not. The mere fact that Anna and Vronsky remained talking to each other at the little table even in the presence of her husband, at the beginning of their romance, was considered by the circle of guests present â€Å"indecorous. (2. 7). Seemingly unable to comprehend, like Vronsky, the gravity of their crime, she opted to ignore the judgment of society, including the elite of St. Petersburg where â€Å"everyone knows everyone else, everyone even visits everyone else† as well as of Moscow who frowned on such dalliances in contravention of the established morals of the day. (2. 4). Karenin became furious only when, against his insi stence that she at least observe propriety and decorum, she allowed her lover to visit her at their home (2. 22). Alexey, Anna’s husband, is depicted as the suffering party. He is pictured as one who is without vices and all virtue, although Anna hates him for it. He refuses to be jealous when his wife is besieged with other men. Giving her all the benefit of the doubt during their marriage, and before the affair, Alexey believed a gentleman was not supposed to go down in fits of jealousy, in reference to a woman’s exposure to temptations from other men, since he â€Å"could never lower her and himself by jealousy. † (1. 6). Despite his initial hatred at Anna for leaving him and her son, he readily forgave her when he thought she was about to die (4. 17). Then as now, people dismissed a man’s extramarital affairs in consideration of his virile nature. Oblonsky thought he could not be faulted for fooling around as he was still young and good-looking, while his wife was already past her prime. He was prone to temptation, and therefore could not be easily faulted for succumbing to earthly temptations. He thought his trysts with other women were but innocent, harmless pursuits. In contrast, Anna is severely judged for breaking her marital vows. It ignores as of no moment that fact that she married a man she did not love, who was twenty years older and made her life inexplicably miserable. She is condemned because of the perception that she had no excuse for wanting the affections of another, no matter how infatuated she may be. She openly flirted with Vronsky, knowing Kitty was in love with him and awaiting his proposal. To the moral guardians of her day, Anna Karenina was irresponsible, being unable to realize the consequences of her actions. Oblonsky remains his cheerful, confident self despite his marital troubles, even committing another infidelity with a pretty dancing girl despite his earlier avowal of regret, while Anna is physically and mentally devastated on account of her affair with Vronsky. Stiva considered his flings a mere pastime to escape the ennui of his everyday life, never seriously giving them much thought. To him, one â€Å"can be fond of new rolls when one has had one’s rations of bread. † He tells Levin, who is unconvinced, it really â€Å"does so little harm to anyone, and gives oneself so much pleasure. † He said he did not â€Å"count life as life without love. (2. 14). In his mind, Stiva did not rue the fact that he was no longer in love with his wife; his only regret, believing she was secretly aware of his dalliances but shut her eyes to them, was not being able to hide it from her. He was the type who relished his pleasures. He thought: â€Å"There’s something com mon, vulgar, in flirting with one’s governess. But what a governess! † (1. 2). For Stiva, as with many other men (or even society in general), a sin is not to be ashamed of as long as you maintain a sense of decorum or do it discreetly, careful about the sensibilities of other people who might be offended. Men are even expected to engage in such pursuits, provided they do not compromise their honor or make a fool of themselves before others. Such was the reaction of Vronsky’s mother, the countess, who thought that nothing â€Å"gave such a finishing touch to a brilliant man as a liaison in the highest society. † (2. 18). She was also pleased it was Anna Karenina who was involved with her son. To her, the matter became vexing only when she realized that their passion might lead him â€Å"into imprudence† and displease certain connections in high society. Vronsky’s brother shared the sentiment of the countess: He did not distinguish what sort of love his (Vronsky’s) might be†¦(he kept a ballet girl himself, though he was the father of a family, so he was lenient in these matters), but he knew that this love affair was viewed with displeasure by those whom it was necessary to please, and therefore he did not approve of his brother’s conduct. (2. 18). Of judgment by society, distinction should be made. There is a circle composed of the fashionable world, to which Anna was attached, that rendered no harsh judgment of her. Vronsky was conscious of the fact that he ran no risk of being ridiculous in the eyes of Betsy or any other fashionable people. He was very well aware that in their eyes the position of an unsuccessful lover†¦might be ridiculous. But the position of a man pursuing a married woman, regardless of everything, staking his life on drawing her into adultery, has something fine and grand about it, and can never be ridiculous†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (4. 4. ). (? ) Ther e was, however, another circle, composed of â€Å"elderly, ugly, benevolent, and godly women†, known as the â€Å"conscience of Petersburg Society† at the center of which was the Countess Lidia Ivanovna. Unlike the first circle which delighted in scandals and sympathized with the lovers, this particular group saw nothing but the immorality of Anna’s affair with the count. The first circle tended to condone the lovers, seeing in them reflected their own human weaknesses. The second circle condemned it, finding the scandal loathsome in the eyes of man and God. Unlike his brother Stiva, Anna totally turned her back on her family to make a new life for herself, not in pursuit of temporary pleasure or thrill as Stiva is wont to do, but in obedience to the dictates of her heart, utterly disregarding convention. Both Anna and her brother found it difficult to fathom the depth of their sins. Stiva believed himself quite powerless in the face of a woman â€Å"who loves him but who seeks nothing in return. † (1. 2). But whereas Stiva could not repent of his sins because they gave him so much pleasure, Anna and Vronsky cared not at all on how they shall be judged by society because of their total devotion for each other, finding that â€Å"the passion that united them was so intense that they were both oblivious of everything else but their love. †(2. 21). People might be gentler to Oblonsky because he immediately sought forgiveness from his wife when she discovered the affair; it did not once occur to him to forsake his family. As Anna points out to Dolly, men who commit such mistakes consider their families sacred. They may commit indiscretions but they would never seriously consider abandoning their home. â€Å"Somehow or other these women are still looked on with contempt by them, and do not touch on their feeling for their family,† observed Anna, unaware that she too would be judged severely in her future affair. They draw a sort of line that can’t be crossed between them and their families. † (1. 4). On the other hand, Anna left her husband to live with Vronsky without the formalities of divorce, earning the bitter ire of society and the church. By tradition, Anna’s infidelity to his husband Karenin is deemed more contemptuous in view of the attendant biases, tenets, prejudices and beliefs surrounding t heir milieu. Infidelity marked the woman as guilty of a capital crime. Vronsky’s mother judged her â€Å"a bad woman,† concluding that her desperate passions were all â€Å"to show herself something out of the way. The countess condemns her for completely ruining the life of his son and her husband, that â€Å"her very death was the death of a vile woman, of no religious feeling. †(8. 4). Then, a man’s pride was considered above all considerations, and an offended spouse was expected to challenge to a duel the man who stained his honor. On the other hand, the unfaithful husband receives only a mild censure. After all, society is not disturbed by his dalliances, so long as these are kept discreet and he does not abandon or neglect his own family. The unwritten dictum of the day, as now, was: Do what you have to do, but be discreet about it. We find that there is very little distinction between the adulteries of Stiva and Anna Karenina. Anna’s crime is deemed, at first blush, more reproachable, but we tend to understand her actuations, her emotions, upon deeper inquiry into her life. A young charming woman, married to an older man whom she detested for his virtues, is fair game to a dashing suitor. Never having been in love, she can not be faulted that easily considering her passionate nature, to fall madly in love while forgetting its possible repercussions. Such was the enormity of their love that they heeded not the probing and accusing eyes of society, religion, and the law. At least, the offenders commited everything in the name of their love for each other, and this at least, to my view, mitigates their crime. Of Stiva’s dalliances he has no saving grace. Oblonsky engages in it purely for the pleasure it brings, not because he is forced by the strength of his emotions. He has the temerity to seek forgiveness when his sole regret was not at hurting his wife but in having been so careless that his letter to his mistress was found. He even used Dolly’s own money to pay off his debts. Tolstoy depicts the suffering of the man wronged, but he also pictures the offender in a sympathetic light. Vronsky, for all his faults, undergoes suffering because of his forbidden love for Anna; he shoots himself in an attempted suicide. He speaks to no one for six months after Anna’s death, and refuses to eat unless forced to. He volunteers to serve in war, expecting never to return. (8. 4). Stiva looks upon him as a hero and an old friend. (8. 2). In War and Peace, Tolstoy tells of the suffering of Pierre Bezukhov on account of his wife’s adulterous affair with Dolokhov, whom Pierre challenges and wounds in a duel. Tolstoy then depicts Dolokhov, despite his flaw, as â€Å"the most affectionate of sons and brothers. (4. 5). We condemn the woman, but isn’t the man who seduces the wife of another, by the very definition of law and the Commandments, also an adulterer? The protagonists in Tolstoy’s novels are handsome and dashing counts, princes, and nobles, the unfaithful wives charming and beautiful countesses and women of stature in society, not ungainly rogu es and common women. He makes Anna Karenina a most charming, pretty, intelligent, educated woman. That she could have fallen low in the eyes of society makes one wonder, for it is commonly believed only ordinary mortals are susceptible to moral corruption. Other than his pre-occupation with the upper class, to which he himself belonged, perhaps Tolstoy was driving home a message: infidelity is not confined to class or breeding; all human beings are vulnerable to human frailty and error. By focusing on the infidelities of Stiva and Anna, contrasting them with each other, Tolstoy could have been presenting to us his view of the elite of Russian society and their morals, depicted in all their hypocrisy and nakedness despite the glamour and elegance of St. Petersburg and the other cosmopolitan cities where they lived. When we consider the infidelity of Anna Karenina and Count Vronsky against the unfolding of their mutual affection, we come to slowly understand that it would appear to have been foreordained, aided by their temperament and character, their passion and yearning for life, other than a predisposition to commit evil. Vronsky perceives that his affair with Anna had drawn so much condemnation from society because they could not understand it. Vronsky believed that if it were some common affair, people would have cared less. But society became annoyed because it could not comprehend his immense love for her, that the woman is â€Å"dearer to [him] than life. † (2. 21). While the young men envied him, â€Å"the greater number of the young women, who envied Anna and had long been weary of hearing her called virtuous, rejoiced at the fulfillment of their predictions, and were only waiting for a turn in public opinion to fall upon her with all the weight of their scorn. † (2. 18). Despite her failings, Anna refuses to run away with Vronsky as she did not want to part from her son, terrified of his future attitude when he shall realize his mother had abandoned his father for another man (2. 23). Again, this softens our attitude towards Anna in the same way perhaps, that Dolly warms up to her upon sensing that she, too, has her own weaknesses. Stiva, on the other hand, appears outwardly kind and genial and considerate to all persons, but his remorseless cheating ought to be condemned the greater, if we are to judge him by the severity with which we judge Anna Karenina. A person who repents does not necessarily have to wear sackcloth and ashes, but he should at least resolve to cease completely from doing that which hurt others. If he insists that he is incapable of repentance, why should he not be guilty of society’s condemnation? Anna Karenina, in this regard, would appear to be an indictment of society as a whole, showing the hypocrisy of those who find mirth and satisfaction in every scandal, assured that they are not lacking in company. It reveals a community of educated, fashionable, religious, noble persons who cannot stand the unfaithfulness of a woman completely immersed in his love while ignoring the acts of a man who makes adultery nothing but a pleasurable game. Perhaps Tolstoy was asking us not to judge, for by judging others, as Jesus warned, we shall likewise be judged. WORKS CITED Tolstoy, Leo. â€Å"Anna Karenina†. 22 February 2007. —â€Å"War and Peace†. 26 February 2007.    Anna Karenina The novel opened up to an implication of the strife in the Oblonsky household. There was an atmosphere of confusion as everyone was concerned about the discovered sexual affair of the Master of the house with the French governess. The wife of Prince Arkadyevitch Oblonsky (Stiva) did not leave her room and it showed how the situation evident with how everything has been going wrong.Examples were given to prove establish the confusion and the mess of the situation like the children going wild all over the house, how the house helpers were quarrelling, the man-cook quitting his job and others who were threatening to do so.Stiva woke up on the leather-covered sofa in his study without having to realize that he was not sleeping with his wife until he reached for his dressing gown that was not where it should have been, within arm’s reach of their bed. After which, he remembered his current predicament. The setting in this scene how a marital dispute can affect so many people and ho w more marital disputes can stir the course of the following events in the novel.Kitty’s big night, the ball, was narrated to be a dream-like event where she was to go down a â€Å"great staircase, flooded with light and lined with flowers and footmen in powder and red coats (Tolstoy Part 1, Chapter 9).† The sound of the orchestra can be heard. Women and men were wonderfully dressed, expensive fabrics and vibrant colors filled the ballroom as people started to waltz on the dance floor.This shows how Kitty, at the start of the novel was naà ¯ve in a way as she saw so much romance in the night and how she loved social gatherings like that night’s ball. The setting described the vibrancy and excitement Kitty felt before she found out that Vronsky, the man she loved, fell in love with Anna, the woman she adored.The description of the ballroom and the atmosphere was further elaborated with describing how perfect everything was with Kitty, from her hair, to her dress to her shoes, only to come to a huge turning point wherein she sees Vronsky’s affection for another woman.   The description of how exquisite Anna looked that night, added much weight to the twist that was about to take place, it made Vronsky’s admiration for Anna like a harder slap on Kitty’s face.ThemeThe major theme in the novel was about society and family. The second part of the novel gave much emphasis to solidifying this theme through different instances wherein Anna was reprimanded or placed in a bad light because of a foreseen case of infidelity.   It was important for families to stay together, more so during their time as women who are divorced loose a lot of ground in society, while the men do not loose as much.There was one instance wherein the text showed how Anna had three sets of friends in the Petersburg society.   There are those who belonged to the circle of her husband’s colleagues that seems to serve merely as acquaintances wit h the family.Another set was concerning the friends in Countess Lydia Ivanovna’s circle that Anna soon disliked greatly and the last set was one with Princess Betsy Tverskaya who was the wife of her cousin.   Each set of friend offered much of their opinions about how Anna changed and often gossiped about her and her husband Karenin.Alexey Alexandrovitch, Anna’s husband, only saw fit to talk to her wife about her behavior with another man upon realizing that others are already gossiping about them. The confrontation was indifferent for both of them and their relationship changed but they stayed together to avoid any societal conflicts.When Anna and Vronsky made love, it was obvious that Anna was distraught as to the consequences of her actions with society and how it will affect his family, even her son.When Vronsky fell of his horse during a race, Anna could not contain her emotions in public. This had shown her improper affection for Vronsky.   She cried as she w as so worried about him. Instead of being jealous about Anna’s obvious feelings for another man, Karenin simply warned her to be careful about how she reacts in public and showed how he valued his social stature more than he did his actual relationship with his wife.Even after Anna admitted his relationship with Vronsky, Karenin was more preoccupied with protecting his honor. During that time, it has established how people were more concerned about the opinions of society and how they maintain a clean image in public.   

African American and Conflicting Perspective Essay

Every individual has a perspective on things in life and their personal idea of the truth. These are universal concepts and are widely seen in ted Hughes poems â€Å"birthday Letters†. Birthday letters is a set of poems, said to have been written by Hughes for six years prior to his death, on his ex wife’s birthday each year this the selection of poems being called birthday letters. The selection on poems surrounds his problematic marital issues between himself and his wife Sylvia Plath. It is also to show the conflicting perspective on their relationship. This is mainly towards the criticism he received all those years after her suicide. He had been blamed for being the catalyst for her suicide/death and so began a collection of poems regarding their relationship but in some way, excusing himself and explaining that she was already on a destructive path. Through two of his poems, Fulbright scholars and the shot, an understanding of the poems have thrown lighten the concepts of conflicting perspectives. Two other complementary texts such as letters from two jima and to kill a mockingbird convey conflicting perspectives however on issues such as racial discrimination and the perspectives of an opposing country that has been marked as enemies. Fulbright scholars are the first poem in the birthday letters collection. Hughes here tries to remember how he met her and first know of her existence. He does this whilst looking at a picture that was taken at university, when he was a naive young man. He ponders about her throughout the poem trying hard to delve into his psyche hopelessly to recollect something about her when they met at a party. This can be noted by the quote â€Å"were you among them? † which refers to the picture of Fulbright scholar. In terms of conflicting perspectives, the e poem can also be seen as a text that he wrote implicating how difficult it is t recall that first meeting, however he begins to explain his perspective of Sylvia Plath. He says â€Å"your exaggerated American grin for the cameras† which referred to her as someone with false appearances. The various techniques Hughes used to convey his ideas were the use of rhetorical questions such as â€Å"were you among them? †, the repetitions of the word maybe and the use of the I persona, and metaphors such as the â€Å"first fresh peach†. Rhetorical questions he used as a means of asking himself how he met her and what she first looked like to him. The metaphor ‘delicious peach† can be said to be another way to say she was the first girl he â€Å"ever tasted†, in terms of the experience of truly liking someone who seemed special to him. Reputation is used throughout the poem of maybe can be analyzed as a way of trying to remember what he saw of her and his knowing of her existence. The ‘I’ persona is an important tool in terms of Hughes alluding to the very personal nature of his reflection. The poem ‘the shot’ is also one from the collection and conveys Plath as someone different to what her fans saw her to be. As he says that she was deceitful in terms of appearance of a good and decent person/poet. In the poem, the shot is a metaphor of Plath being bullet shout out a gun. It can also e sad that Hughes thinks that he was the one shot. Hughes perspective on paths â€Å"destructive path† is one that she has always been on, saying that she was already a bullet long before she has met him. Followers of Plath as a victim view him as a catalyst for her suicide but in the poem he tries to explain that she was already suicidal as she tried to commit suicide when she was younger. The use of word â€Å"daddy† is one of great importance as it refers to her childish attachment to her father. This is also the title of her famous poem daddy. Hughes also explains that from his perspective, that he himself has become the father figure that she had ways been looking for. Overall, the concept of the two poems depict conflicting perspectives through analysis of ted Hughes’ birthday letters. The text letters from Iwo jima is similarly to birthday letters, a conflicting perspective however of the Japanese however of the Japanese soldiers during the American invasion of to two jima in ww2. It depicts their perspective throughout the turbulent time, showing that even were still human beings with the same universal feelings. Clint eastwood directed the film letters from Iwo Jima in 2006, trying to show an American or non Japanese audience their side of the story or their perspective. Here, a conflicting perspective is shown. Throughout the film, eastwood wants us to empathise with the Japanese perspective f the same terror and emotions that the Americans felt at that time too. The main character is a young Japanese soldier called saigo who is little enthused on fighting and going to war. This is all seen through techniques eastwood input such as flashbacks- which were important in the film. The audience is then able to see how the soldiers were like before the war and what it was like for them when they got conscripted. Their reflections are a huge part in their conflicting perspective and also a great important technique is the Japanese language. Eastwood used the language to give a strong sense of ethnicity and strong sense of tradition. To kill a mocking bird written by Harper lee in 1960 conveys the conflicting perspectives of the treatment of African Americans in Alabama. This conflicting perspective is seen through the eyes of a young white girl, rather than n African American person. The text shows her view o the racial discrimination against the Negroes and the treatment, prejudice and violence they receive. The event takes place that’s how a conflicting perspective is the court case scene, where an African American man is accused of raping a young white girl. The perspective here is not only through the girl, Scout Finch, but also her father Atticus finch which is the lawyer defending the accused. However he took on a case he know that with all the racial discrimination and prejudice around, he would inevitable lose. The fact that he took on the case shows a conflicting perspective of a white American man who has no prejudice against African Americans. The daughter scout finch views the situation on a different level as well as she was basically raised by African American woman and didn’t judge her, as many people did in Maycomb County. She begins to see and understand the prejudice and discrimination when the man is accused of rape as the majority people did not like his race at that time. It was seen as stereotypical to blame him for the rape. The conflicting perspective here is that the perspective o a young white American and her family on the treatment the Negroes received. It can be said that harper lee wanted the audience to challenge their beliefs and see events from the perspective of a young child who is horrified by the treatment of the Negroes.

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company Case Study

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company - Case Study Example There must be an offer from one party and its acceptance by the other party. Also, there should be an exchange of consideration and willingness by parties to enter a legally binding relationship.2 However, the contracting parties can vary the terms of the contract such as by waiving the requirement for the communication of an acceptance as is the case when sellers make ads to the general public through the media the public responds by performing the requirements. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (defendant) was a manufacturer of the carbolic smoke balls that had responded to a flu pandemic that had claimed the lives of more than a million people. They made an advertisement in the Pall Mall Gazette and other media offering to reward any buyer with  £100 who would buy and use the smoke balls according to their directives of three times daily for two weeks and contract any disease such as influenza, colds, etc.3 After seeing the ad Carlill (the plaintiff) bought the smoke balls according to the direction specified by the company of three times a day for almost two months. She contracted influenza and claimed for the reward from the company. However, the defendant refused to give the reward prompting the plaintiff to seek court intervention. This case was determined in the court of appeal after the company decided to appeal the earlier court’s ruling in favour of the plaintiff. The legal issue, in this case, was whether the ads by the defendant constituted an offer for a valid contract having waived the right to be notified of the acceptance of the offer with a purpose of attracting as many buyers of the smoke ball as possible across the nation.4 There were other issues whether the case met the basis of a legal contract such as consideration, intention to form a legally binding agreement and determining whether a person could make a valid contract with the general public.   

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of Essay - 2

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of a business to act successfully in a socially responsible manner is mainly determined by the products it produces - Essay Example e the growing significance of Corporate Social Responsibility and issues of sustainability for consumers, a study by Reputation Institute (2014) indicated that about 60% of consumer perceptions othe companys reputationon determine the consumers’ willingness to work for, invest, or recommend a company while 40% is due to the consumers’ perception of the product or services sold by that company. For this study, the major considerations are the main benefits of CSR in relation to costs for the business; the significance of CSR in relation to other objectives; the major determinants of responsibilities that are accepted by a business and those that are not; the factors that determine the extent to which business is socially responsible, and the extent of government influence on CSR,. At Microsoft, there is a continuing commitment to work to fulfil public responsibilities and to serve the needs of people in communities worldwide. However, for Microsoft, the fundamental obligation is the role Microsoft serves as an accountable universal corporate citizen (Smith, 2012). In addition, Microsoft earned the best CSR reputation through initiatives such as Citizenship Leads throughout the world working every day in collaboration to with a huge stakeholder’s base and with regards to numerous issues crucial to local communities. Microsoft Green is also another CSR initiative aimed at emphasizing Microsoft’s Environmental Sustainability Team. In order to implement its CSR initiatives, Microsoft works with investors, non-profits, governments, and other organizations, including the Boston College Center, CSR Europe, Net Impact, World Economic Forum, and Clinton Global Initiative. For more than 51% of Google consumers across the 15 universal markets, working at Google is great (Smith, 2013). With such perceptions, Google has managed to successfully establish a caring perception around the world to ensure that they are a company that not only treats people well, but one that

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Journal - Essay Example More often than not I feel depressed over my under achievement of tragic events that have taken lace in my life. This leads to some form of stress. I was a little bit surprised by the Perceived stress scale that was able to help me understand how a different situation affected my feelings and my perceived stress. My PSS score was 4. From the PSS scale, the scores that ranged room 0-13 indicate that I have low stress levels. I was also surprised by the frequency of the symptoms of stress that I experienced over the years. Top of my list was irritability, boredom. These are symptoms that I would experience quite frequently. Other symptoms that I experienced was anxiety, eating too much difficulty in sleeping, headache, restlessness and constipation. However this was not on a regular basis. The results I established from the Inventory of Collage Students’ Recent Life Experiences also took me by surprise as I was able to determine my exposure to different source of stress . I able to determine the intensity of those stressors and to get an overall score of 82. I was also able to determine which type of hassle played a greater part of my life. Hassle like Too many things to do at once, Struggling to meet your own academic standards, Not enough time to meet your obligations and financial burdens greatly impacted my life. These were the things that I had to look into more deeply so that I could manage my stress levels. The student stress scale also made me understand how each life event and the amount of readjustment that resulted to change. A major life event that I underwent is the death of a close family member. This made me stressed for quite a long time. My total score was 102. From the scale, it indicates that I have a 30 percent chance of serious health chang e. The ability to handle my personal problems, the ability not to cope with all things that I have to do. I also want to be able to handle my upsets because things

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Analytically - Essay Example ‘Recitatif’ showcases the impact of mothers on the children and how it helps to build their character in the long run. Hazel is the protagonist of ‘Gorilla, My Love’ and Twyla is the key narrator of ‘Racitatif’. Both are strong influenced by their mother. Hazel is interesting mix of childish curiosity and strong demeanour that is intolerant of anything that is perceived as wrong and takes up the cudgel to fight for their rights, just like her mother. Hazel’s mother supports her unconditionally in her fight against any injustices. The writer confirms that that her mother ‘come up there in a minute when them teachers start playin the dozens behind colored folks’. She had learnt to fight for her rights, even when the opponents were much older than her! It was quite evident when she confronts theater manager for refund because the movie was not about ‘Gorlla, My Love’ but a religious movie. When she is not taken seriously and does not get refund, she deliberately ‘lit a candy stand on fire’. This reflects Hazel’s strong will and her desire to be taken seriously. Hazel’s shows the same tenacious nature when she is informed that her uncle had changed his name in order to get married. She is upset when Hunca Bubba becomes Uncle Vale which is unacceptable because it challenges the very values with which she was brought up, the values which forbid lying as bad. Moreover, her Hunca Bubba now cannot marry her as because ‘that was somebody else. I’m a new somebody’ (Bambara, 4). Hazel is confused and upset because her beliefs that elders stick to what they say has now been shattered. The way children are not taken seriously and lied constantly on small pretext by elders presents the dilemma of growing up that is probably faced by all children. Twyla’s mother, on the other hand tends to covertly influence her behavior which is reflected when they follow their morals in their growing up stage. Her mother

Linguistics and Reading Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Linguistics and Reading - Research Paper Example Hence, discourse analysis is a useful way of understanding the relationship between power and discourse. A common setting where these forces apply includes the classroom particularly during classroom discussions. A classroom is a learning place which heavily relies on communication in a socio-cultural, educational setting and thus discourse. Additionally, the classroom involves major teacher-student power relationships that underlie the learning process as both entities engage in meaningful discussions. In addition there are some other factors, such as class size, communication channels, technology, et cetera, that also affect discourse within the bounds of the classroom. According to a research conducted by Shepherd (2010), the role of discourse in balancing the power relationships inside the classroom in terms of teacher control over lessons and classroom dominance has changed over the years. However classroom discussions still remain a prevalent way to communicate and learn within the class. As such, discourse analysis provides a useful way of understanding classroom teacher-student interactions, most importantly classroom discussions, as they occur in the classroom setting. The classroom is a crucial space for learning however the setting is heavily impacted by the way communication occurs and is understood. Class discussions are a common way to think and learn by communicating collaboratively in a socio-cultural environment. The presence of two main individuals – the teacher and the student – in a learning context (class discussion) together with the role played by communication and discourse consolidates the importance of discourse analysis when studying classroom interactions, particularly during a class discussion. The two concepts of discourse analysis and class discussions are heavily related to each other; discourse analysis provides a methodology to understand the role of language and

The level of competition in pricing and output decisions under an Essay

The level of competition in pricing and output decisions under an oligopolistic market structure - Essay Example There was much experimentation with forms of business structures until the pattern of oligopoly finally evolved. In the United States, during the last quarter of the 19th century, businesses avoided competition by forming trusts. Under this structure, the leading firm in one industry would hold voting stock in its former competitors. Output could be limited and prices kept high. In many parts of Europe, cartels were legal. Firms in the same line of business would enter into a formal and enforceable agreement to limit production, and maintain high prices. But both agreements; trusts and cartels brought business stability and profits at the cost of high consumer prices, limited new investment (in order to limit production of products) and a diminution of the type of competition that drives firms to develop new products and new production processes. However, many modern markets are oligopolistic. The growth of oligopoly poses problems both for economic theory and policy because only a handful of large firms produce most of the output in these industries. An oligopoly market exhibits many sellers but is concentrated on only a few sellers. Market shares matter because these few firms control majority of the entire market with some assistance from new technologies. Institutionalists claim that the structure of oligopoly leads to a form of administered pricing.

MSc Programme and project management Personal Statement

MSc Programme and project management - Personal Statement Example The PPM course is seen as an opportunity for me to put myself ahead of the increasing demand of the project and programme management job market. By putting myself a step ahead of the requirements of the job market, I can be assured that I will become what employers and project owners are looking for. But this striking vision needs to be nurtured and started somewhere and that is the course being applied to. Apart from the outstanding benefits I will derive from the course, one other reason that makes me prefer PPM is the fact that nature of the course matches who I am and what I have been able to achieve so far. First, I have a very good background in British education as I have successfully completed a four year BA business programme in Britain. This puts me in a better position to easily adapt to the British learning environment and requirements. Even though business studies and PPM are different, there is much similarity between the two, putting me at a better position to grabbing academic concepts very easily. For example it is common knowledge that most projects and programmes that require the expertise of project and programme managers are run by businesses. With my knowledge in business, I will therefore be able to have a very deep understanding of project owners. I can also have empathy for project managers in understanding issues of project urgency, cost saving, and quality co ntrol. My level of confidence expressed above as to why my background as a Business student can help me succeed with the PPM course can be backed by realistic academic abilities and achievement. For example as a Business student, I achieved very good grade in Finance, which I scored 79% and thus was graded A- in my course assignment. With my current GPA, I am confident about completing with a high 2.1 degree, which is a strong demonstration and evidence of attitude to academic work. With the

Vaccine and Medicine Essay Example for Free

Vaccine and Medicine Essay According to Company Spotlight, GlaxoSmithKline (2011), GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a renowned UK-based pharmaceutical and healthcare company. GSK is rated as the second largest among the biggest pharmaceutical and healthcare companies in the world. This company engages in a range of business activities including manufacturing of pharmaceutical products such as the anti-infectives, medicines used for central nervous conditions, respiratory conditions, oncology issues and gastrointestinal conditions. GSK is also famous for producing vaccine products. In addition, it is concerned with the management of the consumer healthcare operation. This service is mainly focused on the production of nutritional drinks, over the counter drugs and other healthcare items (Weise, 2013). GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL (2012) reports that this company had been formed after unity between Glaxo Well come company and SmithKline company. Since its inception, GSK has remained a pertinent player in the pharmaceutical industry where it has researched on medicines and vaccines that have been rated as the top priority by the World Health Organization. This company owns 7% of the total global pharmaceutical products. It has penetrated many countries including developing the world where its products sell cheaply. Noteworthy, this company enjoys the strongest global presence, as it is available in 70 countries. GSK sells its products in three distinct categories such as consumer healthcare, prescription medicines and vaccines (GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL, 2012). Therefore, this report has focused on medicines and vaccines business unit in GSK. Both internal and external business environment affecting the company is also considered, with reference to appropriate theoretical frameworks. In addition, the current strategies deployed are also considered. Eventually, this report gives proposed strategies, vital in enhancing the business unit’s performance. 2. External Environmental Analysis on Vaccine and Medicine Production2.1 PESTLE  AnalysisPESTEL analytic tool is a model used in conducting analysis on a business organization in regard to the external environmental factors. This tool helps the business organizations in identifying some of the potential environmental aspects that affect their operations and performance. The factors of analysis in this framework include Political issues, Economic issues, Socio-cultural issues, Technological issues, Legal issues and the Eco-Environmental issues (Pestle Analysis, 2014). Figure 1: PESTEL Model Figure: PESTEL model Source: Arnold Oakley, 2013 2.1.1 Political FactorsGSK depends on the UK-government legislation on production and trade. Although the government of United Kingdom is one of the stable governments, GSK has experienced significant political challenges that have affected the rate of operation. For instance, the implementation of GSK marketing strategy depends on the trade laws in the UK (Andersen, Denrell Bettis, 2007). It has been noted that some of the trade regulations on the pharmaceutical products, mainly introduced by China and India affect the competitive nature of the company. Introduction of legislation by the government of UK has also affected the operations of GSK in manufacturing of vaccines and medicines. Ideally, UK laws that focus on consumerism, taxation, environmental issues, health and safety measures and consumer protection laws have influenced the activities of the company (Arnold Oakley, 2013). 2.1.2 Economic FactorsThe biggest economic challenge to GSK Company is the trend in international trade on pharmaceutical products. The high rate of economic growth in countries such as China and India remains a bigger challenge to GSK in UK (Datamonitor: GlaxoSmithKline Plc, 2011). This is because India and China have both joined the market with highly competitive ambition. In addition to this, the current economic changes in the UK that have affected GDP continue to suppress the performance of GSK on their production of drugs and vaccines. On the other hand, high inflation rates have affected the sale and production of pharmaceuticals. For instance, while China and India are enjoying a robust economic growth, UK experiences an economic slump. This makes the UK-based companies such as GSK less competitive when it comes to manufacturing of vaccines and medicines (Shakhshir, 2014). 2.1.3  Social-Cultural FactorsSocial, cultural issues include consumer lifestyles, shift in the consumer attitudes towards a particular product as well as consumer opinions. Since the UK-population comprises of the aging majority, the choice on pharmaceuticals is greatly affected. One of the major problems that GSK faces is the issue on the large profits that they have made from sales of their medicines and vaccines. Customer resentment by GSK is a major social problem that a ffects the performance of GSK despite the fact that it is one of the major pharmaceutical companies in the UK. On the other hand, availability of the other pharmaceutical products has also influenced the competitiveness of the company (Bass, 2008). 2.1.4 Technological FactorsThe trends in technology used in the pharmaceutical industries affect the operations of GSK in producing vaccines and medicines. Due to the unwavering changes that occur in drug manufacturing plants, GSK meets stringent regulations that in turn, influence their performance. On the other hand, GSK experiences hard time when it comes to licensing and patenting of newer drug production technologies. The government also ensures that the levels of developing the industry technologies meet the standards that are required. This major hurdle affects the development of the industry technology for GSK (Shakhshir, 2014). 2.1.5 Environmental FactorsSince GSK is a manufacturing company, it faces the challenges that most of the industries face. For example, GSK faces the challenges of global warming as well as the challenges attached to industrial waste disposal. One of the main problems that this company faces is the reaction of the stakeholders on the impact of wastes produced by GSK (Ienciu, 2012). 2.1.6 Legal FactorsLegal issues affecting GSK include the direct and indirect regulations and laws that affect the company’s operations as well as the local markets where this company sells its products. The European and international trade rules, regulations and agreements affect the operations of GSK in production of medicines and vaccines (Robson, 2013). 2.2 Porters 5 ForcesPorter’s Five Forces model is a tool used by various companies to study the external forces that affect a company’s competitive position. Porter’s five-force diagram is shown below in figure 2. Figure 2: Porter’s Five-Force Model Source: Koo, Koh Nam, 2004 2.2.1 Threat of New EntrantsGSK enjoys competitiveness since the costs of producing vaccines and medicines are too high for most of the companies in the UK. This phenomenon has made entrants into the pharmaceutical industries too small. It has been noted that development of newer medicines and drugs, involves painstaking research and investment that most of the companies in UK may not afford. The action of the federal laws together with the influence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also created barrier for most of the companies that intend to join pharmaceutical industry. In addition to this, new entrants avoid the recurrent renewal of the patents that expire after every 20 years. Since GSK is an old player in the pharmaceutical industry, it has garnered insurmountable trust and connection with the customers on its brand names. This makes it hard for newer entrants in the market to compete against GSK (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). 2.2.1 Threat of SubstitutesThe introduction f many generic drug medicine has been a threat to GSK medicines and vaccines. Such generic drugs have substituted some of the GSK products thus creating replacement for the medicines produced by GSK. Complimentary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is also considered as a reliable substitute for the GSK medicines. Given individuals in UK, believe that the effects of the medicines and vaccines produced generically are similar to the GSK medicines; people often prefer the generic products whose costs are relatively cheaper (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). 2.2.3 Bargaining Power of CustomersAlthough GSK is one of the pharmaceutical companies that produce vaccines and medicines, it does not rely much on the power of buyers. This is because GSK has a large customer base that translates to lower bargaining power. Noteworthy, vaccines and medicines have lower number of customers. This makes GSK to experience high customer bargaining power. GSK focuses on research and development of newer vaccines and medicines, which are then consumed, by the doctors, patients, pharmacists and other healthcare facilities (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). 2.2.4 Bargaining Power of SuppliersGSK supply market comprises of labour, raw material suppliers, trial staff, patients in clinical trials, investigators and other marketing distribu tors. Contrary to customers, the suppliers have strong bargaining power that can affect the operation of the company. Whenever the suppliers withhold the supplies or change the quality of the supplies that they trade to GSK, the company risks losing the quality  of its medicines and vaccines. This will in turn affect the competitiveness and the performance on the company in the pharmaceutical industry (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2012). 2.2.5 Intensity of RivalryPharmaceutical industry has many players leading to increased rivalry. Since there is unending patterns of newer products in the pharmaceutical industry, firms and companies forced to thrive competitively for market shares. Product differentiation has also led to introduction of alternative products that are cheaper. This has led to competitive advantage for certain firms. This trend propagates competitive rivalry that leaves only the strongest and adherent company in the market. However, reports indicate that GSK uses an accurate forecast that helps it in positioning itself at a point where it can sustain rivalry in production of medicine and vaccines from the other companies for a long time (Juliano, 2013). 3.0 Value Chain AnalysisGlaxoSmithKline value chain is a resourceful tool that is applied by the managers to identify major activities that are operational within the firm. The primary activities that are undertaken at GlaxoSmithKline have potential capabilities of defining the firm competitive advantages (Griffin, 2012). The competitive advantage of the company lies within the capability to undertake some of the vital activities that are carried across the value chain with the aim of being better that the business rivals. Figure3: Value Chain Analysis Model Source: Ienciu, 2012 Firstly, GlaxoSmithKline value chain has been able to combine values of the firm key activities with the functional parts. The assessment that is undertaken in the principal activities defines the organization overall additional values that are created. Under its value chain, the company has been able to differentiate its main primary activities that are directly related to the production and the supporting activities that are directly related to effectiveness and efficiency of GlaxoSmithKline operation. GlaxoSmithKline primary and support activities are discussed in details (Shakhshir, 2014). The company has taken a consideration of its inbound activities. Inbound activities in GlaxoSmithKline are concerned with the process of receiving materials from suppliers that are used in the  production of drugs and medicines. As well, storing of these raw materials in the warehouse and handling them within the company is an art of the essential activities that play a crucial role in the va lue chain. In addition, GlaxoSmithKline has a consideration of operation activities. This incorporates all activities that have direct relationship with production, services and product that are within the firm. Outbound logistic is another primary activity that the company has highlighted its concern. These activities involve distribution of the medicines and vaccines (final product). This has been entailing the manner at which the company has been distributing its products to the customers, distributors, chemists, hospitals and other business-related areas (Juliano, 2013). Additionally, GlaxoSmithKline has a functional area that relate to sales and marketing. This is a crucial area that analyze all the need and wants if the clients. As well, this operational are is wholly responsible for the creation of awareness of the firm product among the target group. The company has been using some marketing techniques such as advertisements and sales promotion to ensure they attract more customers to use their products (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). Finally, GlaxoSmithKline has undertaken a vital supporting activity that considers the function of procurement. Procurement incorporates functions that are directly accountable for purchases of materials that are significant for the production. GlaxoSmi thKline has an efficient procurement department that is capable of obtaining the highest quality raw materials at the best prices that are favourable for the company (Shakhshir, 2014). 4. SWOT Analysis Some of the internal strengths and weaknesses affecting GSK can be analysed using the SWOT analysis tool. This tool will identify and analyse some of the internal environmental opportunities as well as the strengths that GSK has. This SWOT analysis will ensure that GSK’s maximum strength and opportunities are highlighted. However, this analysis will minimise on the threats and the weakness that the company has. This analysis will help in explaining GSK’s position in the market, the reason for its position and the possible plans and strategies that can be used to improve the company’s position in the market (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014). Below is a diagram of SWOT analysis. Figure 4: SWOT analysis Source: GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014 4.1 StrengthsGSK being a large company has robust resources and funds that can fuel both the sales, as well as strong marketing mechanism. GSKs strong marketing and sales mechanism has placed it at an accessible ground for the customers. This company has richly invested in both tele-visual and printed media to promote its products. This has placed GSK on top of the other smaller pharmaceutical companies. GSK is rated as the biggest financier of most of the research and development projects in the UK. This places it at a dominant position in the pharmaceutical industry. It has also ensured proper resource utilization with over 97,000 employees who help in the exploration of newer markets. 4.2 WeaknessDespite being a pharmaceutical major in the UK, GSK also has weaknesses that affect its operations. With its robust production of medicine and vaccines, this company make losses due to expired pharmaceuticals. In addition, some sporadic cases of safety affect the company’s image in relation to their customers. The research and development issues have also affected the quality of some pharmaceuticals that this company produces. Ideally, some cases of poor quality, expiry dates and quantity of products have affected the production of medicines and vaccines. Therefore, these weaknesses continue to dent the image of this big company in the UK (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2012). 4.3 OpportunitiesGSK has the opportunity of engaging into the production of oncology products, biologics as well as the preparation of various antibodies. Through its robust existence, it can facilitate productive mergers, as well as acquisition using its influential financial stance. On the other hand, the increase in demands for healthcare products such as medicines and vaccines has placed GSK at a greater opportunity ground. With its resources and significant fund, GSK has better laboratories that give them the opportunity for expanding and leveraging the production of medicines and vaccines (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014). 4.4 ThreatsIn as much as GSK thrives to be a pharmaceutical major in the UK, reports have indi cated that this company faces threatening situations. Ideally, the risks involved in the introduction of newer products affect the ability of the company to maintain its image. With the introduction of more regulations, this company  finds it hard to maintain precision in its operations (Research, 2012). On the other side, slowdown in the European markets remains a serious threat in the marketing of the medicines and vaccine products from this company. In addition to this, the availability of conventional medicines has affected the demand for the medicines produced by this company. Overall, the cases of complacency, subject to the marketing leadership that the company has earned in the past years have placed it under thorough scrutiny by the UK government. This makes it difficult for this company to be able to follow all the stringent rules and regulations (BBC, 2012). 5. Current StrategyGSK is a large business that relies on the strategic priorities such as increasing the growth of the company, reducing the risks as well as increasing the long-term financial performance. This company has focused on growth of the company as their main idea of improving their performance. This large company has ensured their second place in the pharmaceutical industry. It has managed to leverage its p roduction where it produces up to 7% of the global pharmaceutical products. Their large scales and resources have provided them a robust growth in the pharmaceutical sphere. With their growth strategy, GSK has created balanced businesses and product portfolio that have leveraged their sales growth mainly centred on vaccine and medicines in United Kingdom (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). GSK has also relied on the successful commercialising and launching of newer products. They have targeted the emerging markets for vaccines and medicines. GSK have improved their performance in developing newer oncology medicines, antibiotics as well as vaccines. GSK has increased investments in emerging markets for Medicine and vaccines as a strategy to remain viable. Moreover, this company seek further opportunities for optimisation of the product value (Shakhshir, 2014). Additionally, GSK has managed to improve the research and development organisation making it able to handle robust products whose effects have changed lives. Their efforts have injected newer medicines and vaccines that have also increased the rates of return. GSK also uses its resources to invest in many parts of UK to improve their returns and penetration of the markets. Responsibility remains a central strategy in GSK, making them able to ensure success in delivery of vaccines and medicines (Juliano, 2013). 5.1 . Proposed StrategyIn their future strategy, GSK could employ Bowman’s strategy to leverage its  competitiveness. Ideally, this approach helps companies to be able to identify its competitive edge by meeting their customer’s needs. In this case, the strategy allows a company to be competitive against other companies in the same market. For instance, GSK should consider that many pharmaceutical companies sell medicines and vaccines with negligible differences from their pharmaceuticals. Therefore, GSK should focus on the prices and degree of success in their products so that they may become more competitive than the other companies may (Arnold Oakley, 2013). GSK should rely on generic strategies, which are, cost leadership, product differentiation and market segmentation. The strategies will help GSK to ensure that their pharmaceuticals are low-priced, useful and provided with the customers’ specifications. Whenever their vaccines and medicines will sell lower than the other companies will, GSK will become more competitive Price and value of pharmaceuticals is a major concern when it comes to competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry. GSK should ensure that their products meet the recommended value specifications demanded by the customers (Morrow Jr. Sirmon, Hitt Holcomb, 2007). Using the Bowman’s strategy, one can adjust the three porter’s positions to eight while explaining the benefits of value and cost of the products. Therefore, GSK should embrace Bowman’s strategy in improving their competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). 6. ConclusionGlaxoSmithKline remains the leading pharmaceutical and healthcare company in the sector of Vaccines and Medicines in United Kingdom. This company enjoys a robust growth despite the dynamism in the pharmaceutical markets. Despite its successful performance in production of vaccines and medicines, GSK has also faced several challenges such as competitive pharmaceutical companies, stringent political issues and economic downturns. GlaxoSmithKline is a renowned pharmaceutical company whose products are common in the pharmaceutical industry. The primary goal of GSK is to achieve a competitive nature. However, this will require improvement of the quality and value of the products as it eliminates the weaknesses and threats. GSK must utilize its opportunities with the aim of delivering first-class safe and quality drugs and vaccines. On the other hand, GSK has a task of pioneering safety of medicine and vaccine use through the media. This company should focus on production of quantities that can feed the markets without unnecessary surpluses that  affect the returns to the company. Growth of market all over the world is also a good idea that should be embraced by the company. Idyllically, GSK remains one of the largest pharmaceutical companies whose products are distributed throughout the world. Noteworthy, GSK has a strong position in the pharmaceutical industry.   References Andersen, T. J., Denrell, J., Bettis, R. A. (2007) ‘Strategic responsiveness and Bowmans risk–return paradox’, Strategic Management Journal, 28(4), pp. 407-429.Arnold, D. G., Oakley, J. L. (2013) ‘The Politics and Strategy of Industry Self-Regulation: The Pharmaceutical Industrys Principles for Ethical Direct-to-Consumer Advertising as a Deceptive Blocking Strategy’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy Law, 38(3), pp. 505-544. Azadi, S., Rahimzadeh, E. (2012) ‘Developing Marketing Strategy for Electronic Business by Using McCarthys Four Marketing Mix Model and Porter’s Five Competitive Forces’, Emerging Markets Journal, 2(2), pp. 46-58. Bass, A. (2008) Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial, Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. BBC, (2012) GlaxoSmithKline to pay $3bn in US drug fraud scandal [Online]Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18673220[Accessed : 29 October 2014]. Company Spotlight, GlaxoSmithKline (2011) ‘PharmaWatch: CNS’, 10(5), pp. 27-34. Datamonitor: GlaxoSmithKline Plc. (2011) ‘GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis,’ pp. 1-8. Dykeman, D., Abramson, D. (2011) ‘Patent strategies for life sciences companies to navigate the changing patent landscape’, Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 17(4), pp. 358-364. doi:10.1057/jcb.2011.30 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL (2012) ‘SeeNews Research Profiles (Company Profiles)’, pp. 2836-2839. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis (2014) ‘GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-10. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis. (2012) GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-8. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis. (2014) GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-10. Griffin, R. W. (2012) Fundamentals of management.6th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ienciu, I. (2012) ‘Environmental Reporting and Corporat e Governance for Ftse 100 Listed Companies,’ Annals of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 21(2), pp. 681-687. Juliano, R. L. (2013) ‘Pharmaceutical innovation and public policy: The case for a new strategy for drug discovery and development’, Science Public Policy (SPP), 40(3), pp. 393-405. Koo, C., Koh, C, E, Nam, K. (2004) ‘An Examination of Porters Competitive Strategies in Electronic Virtual Markets: A Comparison of Two On-line Business Models’, International Journal Of Electronic Commerce, 9(1), pp. 163-180. Morrow Jr., J. L., Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Holcomb, T. R. (2007) ‘Creating value in the face of declining performance: firm strategies and organizational recovery’, Strategic Management Journal, 28(3), pp. 271-283. Pestle Analysis, (2014) ‘Poland Country Profile’, pp. 14-46. Research and, M. (2012) Research and Markets: GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd.: Company Profile and SWOT Analysis. Business Wire (English). Robson, K. (2013) Service-ability create a customer centric culture and gain competitive advantage. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sus sex, United Kingdom: Wiley. Shakhshir, G. (2014) ‘Positioning Strategies Development’, Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 23(1), pp. 979-988. Weise, K. (2013) ‘Company News: Apple, GlaxoSmithKline’, Alibaba Group, Starbucks, U.K. Internet Operators. Businessweek.Com, p. 24

Strategic Human Resources Management of Sony

Strategic Human Resources Management of Sony Introduction In a growing economy and technology on their progress, many companies have benefited from the opportunities offered by science.  Given the continued growth of technology companies have the means to continue the success of competitive products and services available.  One particular company that has been fully adopted by Sony this feature.  This company was very successful, but because his way of thinking strategically and incredible talent to use every ounce of new technologies can be used.  But using e-commerce or e-commerce Sony has skyrocketed. Sony is a manufacturer of audio, video, communications and information technology products for consumer and professional markets. Background of Sony Japans Sony Corporation (Sony) Final parent company isSony.  The company is mainly focused on electronics, such as audiovisual and information technology and components; game, such as PlayStation, entertainment such as motion pictures and music, and financial services such as insurance and banking.  It has five segments: electronics, games, photos, and other financial services.  Sony makes this one of the largest and most diverse entertainment worldwide.  In the Electronics segment develops, designs, manufactures and sells various types of electronic equipment, tools and devices for consumer and professional markets.  During the rally, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. develops manufactures, markets and distributes PlayStation Portable (PSP), PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 computer entertainment system. Vision, Mission and Values Business mission is a summary of key policies for the company to achieve its objectives, and explains the key that every effort should be employed.  Tend a few words or short phrases, but also long term is more than one page. Objectives For this vision to be realized, Sony aims to strengthen the core electronic business application of information technology in the design, manufacture, distribution and sale. It is believed that the value of Sony Music, photos, games and financial services industry as they become available through the network.  So, Sony has now launched a sub-network enabled products in four categories: digital TVs and set-top boxes, home VAIO PC, PlayStation 2 and mobile devices. Sony make. Believe Sony make. Believe (dot It), a new message to another group of origin indicated by Sony in electronics, games, movies, music, web services and mobile phones. Make. Believe Sony is to introduce a spirit of creativity innovation, marking the first time, the company has unified brand message that is both entertainment and electronics. TASK1 What is human resource management? Each organization has three basic components that target people and structure.  A Human Resources Management (HRM) to study the activities of people working in an organization.  HRM is the management of people working in an organization.  It is particularly relevant to the person who can say that people can manage.  Leadership of organizations to their needs and helps the organization resolution.  HRM seeks to how people can be managed within the organization.  He is responsible for hiring people to train to organize the command, the benefits of their work problems and recommend appropriate. Strategic HRM: Where all HR activities (including workplace learning) to help organizations achieve strategic objectives and vision, either directly or indirectly.  This means that for all D activities to be strategic.  So it is important to understand exactly how everything is done (what you offer), which contribute to your organizations mission, vision and strategy.  Otherwise, how can you value your work and how to organize the value of your work?  Please note that this can contribute indirectly.  For example, to improve the quality of working life have a significant impact on profitability by reducing errors and accidents, reduce absenteeism and turnover and increase productivity and improve customer service. basic functions of human resource management Basic functions of HR functions are the same as saying the government by managers plan, organize, manage and control staff.  HR staff and to participate in policies and practices related to persons working for the organization. Human Resources Department meeting the following functions to manage all sizes: Teams (includes planning, recruitment and selection) Human Resources Development (It covers the education and training required by the employee) Benefits (incentives for employees based on performance or policy) health and safety (including issues related to health and safety policy of the individual) The relationship between employee and labor Maintenance Records The importance of strategic human resource management (SHRM) Human Resource Management is to manage the size and normative theory would require coherent set of personnel policies in accordance with organizational strategy to determine the quality of work, commitment and employee performance and organizational effectiveness and competitive advantage.  Sony HRM policy is to manage their employees and to be successful.  Because it considers the variation in different regions.  Sony, for example, encourages their employees to participate in decision-making,  so that the company public meeting in each unit provides opportunities for employees to give their opinion.  And different places in Europe, where appropriate, Sony. Total Number of Employees Sony total number of employee (Sony website) is working, where labor costs involved in these negotiations, in accordance with the law and working conditions.  Sony provides education and skills training for workers in different countries and business sectors.  But there are different training systems in different regions. Kio Morita, founder of Sony Corporation, said there is no magic in the success of Japanese companies most popular and Sony in particular. The secret of success is just the way they treat their employees. Head of Mission of Japan to the manager to develop a healthy relationship with its employees as family resemblance in the company to create the impression that employees and managers share the same fate.  Most successful companies in Japan has succeeded in the sense of common destiny for all employees to create, what the Americans and labor management and shareholders to appeal. When Morita was president of Sony, said new employees and all employees who are lucky enough to find jobs and to decide persona lly if he has spent his lifetime working with Sony. TASK2 Define Human resource planning The concept of human resource planning within the organization is as old as human culture itself.There the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹a better workforce planning and new business effectively in the field of human activity.  Applications are reviewed by various people, scientists acceptance and design management.  Definition of human resource planning are listed below-   According to F. William Glueck,   Human resource planning is the process by which management attempts to provide adequate human resources to achieve organization objectives. Business factors   HRM is central coordination and management fundamentals organizations. There internal and external factors affecting various business hiring and training.  Control factors are external factors that have little or organizations, but to better understand these factors, it can better adapt and develop appropriate strategies for managing human resources.  The external environment refers to conditions outside the organization, including potential legal, social and political interests of customers, competitors, unionization, labor market conditions, industry characteristics and national cultures (Susan et al, 1995).  Some internal factors are affecting HRM technology functions, structure, size, organizational strategy and culture. Technological environment is perhaps one of the most astonishing powers that the HRM practices of the company (Zammuto OConnor, 1992) shape.  Technology puts an important role in reducing costs, improving efficiency and customer access to relevant informa tion available to help businesses increase productivity (Kotler et al 2004).   Requirement of sound HR planning JL and RW Gold Decgar a book Management of personnel and recommended to the requirements of effective labor planning and success as:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ planning should contribute to a lot of time.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢, the alternative plan or amendment, if any, should be included     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Planning should be based on need.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Planning should elements of flexibility and elasticity.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ planning to be economics.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Planning should be efficient and effective.   The purpose of the Human resource plan for this species members and staff is to get the right thing at the right time.  Human resource planning is a question of method.  Human resource planning is developed by certain activities in a row.  What steps are described as follows-     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ identify the target     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Gather information     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ provide human resources to implement     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ human resource supply prediction     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ plan and the necessary programs   STGES OF PLANNING a) The purpose of the organization: The purpose of the organization must be established before the introduction of human resource planning.  After determining the purpose of the organization, the Human Resources Director might develop human resources to the organization to achieve this objective.     b) The collection of information: The second phase of human resource planning to gather information.  Cant predict or plan to be better than the data they are based.Human resource planning requires two types of information.  They are     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ -Data from the external environment     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ -Data within the organization     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã…“â€Å"Data from the external environment, external environment information, including information about current conditions and expected changes in      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Economics     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Technology     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Competition     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Labor     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã…“â€Å"Data organization of data within the organization that contains information about Current conditions and expected changes include in-     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ plans short and long term organizational strategies     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Prevailing human resources     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢Turnover and mobility     Ã‚  Ã‚  c) HR Demand: In this step, because it determines the resources needed to achieve the goal.  Once planners have the information internally and externally, they can predict the demand for workers.     Ã‚  Ã‚  d) Estimating: The human resources supply: In this stage, planners predict labor supply. Planners forecast internal supply of workers and their skills and availability of different types of people probably promo ability outside the labor market.     Ã‚  Ã‚  e) Plan and the necessary programs: the final stage of human resource planning is to plan specific programs to ensure that our available depending on future demand.Programs include-     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ increase or decrease the size of the labor     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ changing skill mix     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ management succession plan     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ Career Development Plan     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¢ disincentives for early retirement incentives   The desire to achieve objectives through human resources planning is meaningless unless its assessment of the results of the activities of human resource management planning: f) Feedback on the planning process:  If demand and supply projections were as accurate as desired, Feedback is given to improve the forecasting process.  Although these programs are inadequate or inappropriate, you can change them.   HRM model Human resource strategy is generally high.  Human resources strategy will not solve the problem of ownership of HR processes.  The strategy defines the strategic role of human resource initiatives in the organization and within a few years.  Human resources is the best tool for ownership of HR processes to be determined.  It also helps identify gaps in the organizational and human resources skills and competencies of HR.  The model makes the management of human resources to operate smoothly.   What is the purpose of the HRM model?   The result is most of the HRM model clear principles for the design and execution of tasks and responsibilities of human resources and human resources allocated to various projects in human resources unit.  Template definition is not easy, but saves a lot of conflict in the future.  The HR builds stronger and more competitive in the HR organization. TASK3 The purpose of human resource management policies in Sony Since its inception in 1946, Sony should remain at the forefront of technological development, based on what has been done consistently with the new lifestyle.  Sony has new innovative companies to also promote, through an innovative approach to the challenge of national and regional boundaries. Sony values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of communication between management and workers are essential if the management transfer policy for employees and employers to encourage their opinions. Sony puts a high priority on communication between management and individual employees.  Since fiscal 2005,Sony CEO Howard Stringer, the time to visit the Sony world to communicate directly with employees at public meetings and other opportunities for dialogue to create.  contact senior also Sony Group employees by posting on the intranet or e-mail Sony and facilitate information exchange and creating a sense of unity with the Sony Group. Sony aims to create a workplace that respects human rights and equal employment opportunities for people with the best of their abilities.  Because of the diversity of human rights initiatives and businesses, Sony is an important function that every employee at work, and he knew of any problems you can get Sony Corporation Disabled Employees Ratio *4   Staff Development Development and staff development for Sony dynamic engine of growth for Sony.  Sony recognizes that population growth is supported by large asset management. A Sony aims to enhance motivation and personal development of its employees worldwide through learning by doing, as well as access to a variety of programs tailored to local needs, including education of engineers, management training and training to build  capacity and skills of employees. Developing leader If a company does business in countries and regions around the world, Sony recognizes the importance of cultivating leadership qualities, and aims of international respect for different cultures and working environments.  Sony has implemented a series of initiatives to bring the full potential of employees to meet and the next generation of business leaders worldwide to promote. Training programs for employees Sony is organizing various training programs for employees at all levels of graduates from senior managers for each region and industry.  In Japan, Sony Group offers over 300 courses, including technical education and training bodies, different approaches, including group training using e-learning and correspondence courses, in accordance with the objectives.  These courses are supported by approximately 230 front-line employees who have the expertise needed to develop curriculum and textbooks Sony technology in all areas Employee training program by Sony in Japan(www.sony.net) Impact of regulatory requirements on human resources policies in Sony Basic Policy on Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Sony Group Code of Conduct, adopted in May 2003, has sections on human rights and global policy provides rules governing human rights and related activities within the Sony group.  For example, the section provides for the Sony Group Code of Conduct, equal opportunities in employment policy on the recruitment, hiring, training, promoting and otherwise treat applicants and employees without regard to non-race features, including religion, color  , national origin, age, gender and disability.  These provisions are based on existing international standards, including the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Health and safety Sony targets healthy labor market and employment practices and establish a healthy environment, safe working and productive stands. Political and database management system In 1998, Sony has adopted a general policy on health and safety (OH S), which acts as a standard group, reflecting Sonys commitment to the health and safety of its employees.  Simply policy regarding the laws of the countries and regions of OH S, but also with complementary activities undertaken as part of their health and safety management structure. Employee Health Sony Corporation aims to help create jobs in good health.  related activities are focused on providing different health check-up, support and dissemination of information via the intranet an overview of health issues raised.   Work-Life Balance Looking at work is a much more diverse lifestyles and employees to fully express their skills to keep up, Sony has created support systems and flexible work styles, including the importance of the optimal work-life balance stress  . Work and life balance in Sony Source- www.sony.net Flexible work styles Sony does not follow the laws and customs of the countries and regions in which it operates, but also provide working arrangements to help employees to achieve work-life balance effectively. Child care and nursing Sony is offering special holiday savings plan for child care workers to be caring for children and paid leave, which can be used in conjunction with parental leave and offers up to 20 days for employees who leave after birth  .  A significant number of workers who leave.  Sony also offers a System theme and use of paid annual leave on an hour for child care or nursing.   Human Resources Information Technology Three years ago, Sony Electronics has a sharp eye on the HR information system, and not liked what he saw.  Only 18 percent of the 14,000 employees in six locations systematically used HR applications, allowing the human resources department document generation.  Not that the workers do not blame Sony Electronics indifference upgrade to PeopleSoft 5.2 universal platform within five years, turning out new versions and patches new home tend to be a doctor.  In terms of hardware and software, long lived HRIS system utility, said Edward J. Cotter, Sony Electronics vice president of human resources. TASK4 Impact of organizational structure on human resource management The organizational framework clarifies the responsibility of the shares to managers and employees.  Organizational structures can help companies retain employees, while the suibiachtà ºlacht the chain of command, among other benefits.  Staff retention is how the company is focused on maintaining a low staff turnover and more experienced workers to ensure that employees remain with the company. Organizational structures can establish minimum expectations of personal conduct.   Organizational structures often contain companys mission or vision.  This information allows companies to include information on benefits for employees who reach certain goals or the company.  It promotes good behavior and employee retention.  Companies cannot fully sum workers to take compensation as a reward.  Organizational structures can ensure employment growth and development of employees to retain employees for longer periods where they want to learn more about the company and improve their professional skills.   Role of organizational culture in SHRM Corporate culture is an important role in selecting the best candidate.  Candidate sourcing and recruiting and interviewing candidates, to find ways to determine whether someone is suitable for culture.  Organizational culture is often difficult to describe, but if you look at the candidates during the recruitment and selection processes, it is easy enough to see whether they match the work to be filled.     Recruitment   The first step in the recruitment process of the job to ensure that it is necessary to accurately reflect the functions of the job to review.  Building on its work, including a brief description of the business of supplying information on the organizational culture. Interviews   of person-to-face is the best way to decide whether the work history and career goals to send candidates to your organizations needs.  For example, that the applicant work history primarily on the activities carried out independently of the office is the challenge of working for an organization where most projects are achieved through teamwork. During the interview, describe as precisely as possible, the work environment.   Choosing the right person   When the shortlist of candidates for those two or three, but here is where one can ensure a true match for the company.  In this phase of the selection a wise decision to candidates based tour company possible.  various personal presentation and interaction and exchanges with employees observe non-verbal. Monitoring and control This is the final step in the planning of the organization human resources.  When the program is approved and implementation has begun, it must be checked.  Human Resources department must follow up to see what happens in terms of available resources.  The idea is to make sure we use all available talent available to us to fail if we continue to fight to the top.   Recommendation Creating a culture of teamwork For teamwork happen, these powerful actions happen. leaders clearly hope that the teamwork and collaboration are expected. Nobody is working space or the process itself.  People who own work processes and location open to ideas and feedback from others on the team. Team teaching model held in their interaction with each other and the rest of the organization. They maintain teamwork even when things go wrong. Members talk about the organization and the value of teamwork culture identification. Ã‚ ®When writing formal and shared values, teamwork is one of the five or six keys. Teamwork and rewards have been identified.  Lone Ranger, even if it is an excellent producer, is rated lower than the person who obtains the results with others in teamwork. Performance management system focuses on teamwork and value. Often 360 degree feedback system is integration. Conclusion Sony plans and strategies reflect different depending on their unique vision and mission.  Strategies, plans and even their threats failures that contributes to the company.  Sony Corporation to take into account not only new technologies, new products and automation, but the environment is healthy. Human resource management is even possible cultural and national differences. Policies should distinguish IHRM organization and integration of all units.  Sony is an example to explain.  Human Resources supports the general conclusion that human resource management for the benefit of employees and human resources activities in accordance with the strategic goals of Sony.  Sony managers held on the need for staff and delegates tasks to assess these good impressions on the leaders and they believe the company delegated authority, which in turn increases job security for frames. Programs for different levels of employees is to create a team spirit among employees and a culture in w hich everyone is entitled to make progress in the promotion.

Hazards in High Temperature Work Environment

Hazards in High Temperature Work Environment Production environment meteorological conditions affected plant construction, ventilation equipment, process and heat conditions, etc., while at high temperatures or the presence of high air humidity or heat radiation and other adverse weather conditions, production labor, it may become a high-temperature operation. High temperature classification High temperature, heat radiation jobs: as between metallurgy, casting, forging, heat treatment furnace workshop, boiler, etc. These workplaces high temperatures, high thermal radiation intensity, is dry and hot environment. Hot, humid jobs: such as dyeing, reeling, paper, wet deep mine operations, mainly due to the large amount of water vapor generated during production or production process requirements workshop to maintain a high relative humidity due. Outdoor summer jobs: as summer farm labor, construction, transportation and other outdoor jobs, mainly due to direct solar radiation and heating the ground and surrounding objects form a secondary effect of the additional heat affected. What are the health effects of high temperature? High temperatures can lead to acute heat-induced illness (such as barbed hot, prickly heat and heat stroke) and chronic thermally induced disease (chronic heat failure, hypertension, myocardial damage, digestive disorders, skin diseases, tropical lethargy, kidney stones, hot water resistance failure, etc.). E: Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 2010715162605.jpg occupational heat stroke in high temperature operating environment, due to thermal equilibrium and (or) water-salt metabolism disorders caused by central nervous system and (or) cardiovascular disorders as the main manifestation of acute illness. What are the clinical manifestations of occupational heat stroke, heat stroke after how this process? Heatstroke aura: After some time working workplace temperature, dizziness, headache, thirst, sweating, general fatigue, heart palpitations, inability to concentrate, incoordination and other symptoms, the body temperature normal or slightly elevated. Principles: Temporarily out of high-temperature field, and be closely observed. Mild heat stroke: In addition to the aggravation of the symptoms of heat stroke, the emergence of facial flushing, sweating, rapid pulse, such as performance, body temperature rises above 38.5 Æ’. Principles: rapidly from the high-temperature field, to the shade to rest; give a refreshing drink salt and symptomatic treatment. Severe heat stroke can be divided into heatstroke, heat cramps and heat exhaustion III, also can appear mixed. E: Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 5604331_993159.jpg heatstroke (including sunstroke), also known as heat stroke, high fever, the body heat in hot environments blocked thermoregulatory mechanism disorders caused high mortality rate (20 to 40%). Which is characterized by sudden onset of high temperature environment, the temperature up to 40 Æ’, early disease sweating, followed by no sweat, hot and dry skin may be associated with different levels of consciousness disorders. Heat cramps due to excessive sweating, body sodium, potassium loss caused by excessive. Mainly for the obvious muscle spasm, accompanied by contraction pain. Occur in many activities, such as abdominal muscles and limbs, especially for the gastrocnemius. Often has symmetry. Sometimes seizures, sometimes ease. Patients with clear consciousness, body temperature normal. Heat exhaustion is a high temperature, high humidity environment, increase skin blood flow is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in splanchnic vasoconstriction or blood volume, the body can not compensate temporary brain ischemia induced syncope. The main clinical manifestations of dizziness, headache, sweating, thirst, nausea, vomiting, and then clammy skin, blood pressure, heart rhythm disorders, mild dehydration, the body temperature slightly higher or normal. Usually a short break to clear, generally do not cause circulatory failure. E: Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke QQ picture 20130701150544.jpg principles: rapidly be physical cooling and (or) drugs cooling; correct water and electrolyte imbalance; symptomatic treatment. Stroke patients with timely treatment, and can be quickly restored without having transferred from the original work. The importance of missionary training E: Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 201076192404.jpg if workers in high temperature environment, the employer is necessary to workplace hazards temperatures timely assessment of the situation, and to develop plan to prevent heat stroke. In addition, the employer shall provide workers and their exposure to high temperature hazard awareness training competent enough, the content should include the following components: awareness (1) high temperature hazards, (2) occupational heat stroke prevention, (3) how to recognize heat stroke symptoms, (4) when their stroke symptoms appear or colleagues how to do. Remember: If a worker or colleague can leave a hot environment that is in the early stages of heat stroke occurs, you can effectively avoid aggravating the problem. What measures should be taken to control workplace hazards temperature? E: Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 1315212318.jpg [technical measures] 1 rational design of production processes: Improved production equipment and method of operation is the fundamental measures to improve the working conditions of high temperature operation. Such as steel casting, rolling, casting, enamel and other production automation, allows workers away from heat, while reducing labor intensity. Heat source arrangement should meet the following requirements: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   try disposed outside the shop; à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ When using hot-based natural ventilation, as arranged in the skylight below; à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢ When using drafts based natural ventilation, as arranged in the summer the prevailing wind direction leeward side; à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ £ take on heat insulation measures; à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¤ so easy to use cooling measures work place, you can set partition (plate) between the heat source, so that hot air rises along the wall, through the skylight discharge, in order to avoid spread throughout the workshop; à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥ hot finished and semi-finish ed out of the workshop should be downwind side or stacked. 2 Insulation: Insulation is an important measure to prevent heat radiation, can use water or thermal conductivity of insulation materials, including large specific heat of water, can effectively absorb radiant heat. E: Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 7576382.jpg3 ventilation and cooling: through doors and windows, natural ventilation slits have some effect, but the high temperature in this way alone workshop often can not meet the cooling needs, this time can be used to achieve mechanical ventilation cooling purposes. 4 temperature and humidity regulation system: The air conditioning system can effectively reduce the temperature in the workplace, for the presence of open water tanks, steam valves and other heat sources, can be used dehumidifier system reduces the temperature of the air in the workplace. [Health measures] 1 hot work should be supplemented with the sweat of workers equal amount of water and salt. The salt content of the beverage 0.15% and 0.2% is appropriate. Drinking a few times appropriate manner. Labor in a hot environment, the energy consumption increases, so should be appropriate to add the total dietary calories and vitamins. E:. Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 414007_066080.jpg2 temperature worker overalls, should heat, thermal conductivity and permeability of good fabric. Prevent radiant heat, available white overalls made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of canvas or aluminum foil. Special high-temperature operation of workers, such as thermal lining repair, cleaning and other types of ladle to prevent intense heat radiation effect, are required to wear masks and wearing thermal insulation, fire-retardant, ventilation heat protective clothing, such as spraying metals (copper, silver) insulation masks, aluminum insulated clothing. 3 workers exposed to high temperatures should be pre-employment physical examination and the summer before, where there is uncontrolled hypertension, chronic nephritis, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes, the body above the scar area ≠¥20% (injury standard eight) as well as those who belong to the high-temperature operation of epilepsy disease contraindications, should not engage in high-temperature operation. In addition, arrangements must not engage in female workers during pregnancy third level, fourth level jobs temperature specified in the job grading standards. E: Health Education and Promotion missionaries taught forum 03 occupational hazards and health effects heat stroke 4_110803104730_1.jpg [management] According to regional climate characteristics, appropriate adjustments to labor and rest in summer high temperature regime. Pergola lounge or seating should be set up away from heat sources as possible, there must be adequate cooling facilities and beverages. Large factories can set up special air-conditioning system with the rest of the workers apartment, to ensure workers exposed to high temperatures during the summer months there is sufficient sleepy eyes and rest. Outdoor summer jobs as well as jobs in workplace temperature can not be controlled below 33 Æ’, the employer to the employee shall be paid a monthly allowance temperature. [Organizational measures] (A) The maximum daily temperatures reach above 39 Æ’, the day should stop outdoor open-air work; (B) the daily maximum temperature reached less than 37 Æ’ to 39 Æ’ (excluding 39 Æ’), the day outdoors outdoor working hours shall not more than six hours, 12:00 to 16:00 outdoors outdoor work should be suspended; (C) the daily maximum temperature reaches above 35 Æ’ to below 37 Æ’ (excluding 37 Æ’), the employer shall take the holiday shift, etc., to shorten the time of continuous operation, and shall arrange outdoor open-air job workers to work overtime. (D) shall not cause pregnant women and juvenile workers in the workplace more than 35 Æ’ hot weather and outdoor work in temperatures above 33 Æ’. [Emergency Health Check] For the hot season there have heatstroke aura job workers, or exposure to high temperatures due to the accident or occupational exposure may lead to heat stroke populations (including participation accident rescue personnel), when asked whether headache, dizziness, chest tightness, palpitations, sweating , fever, little or no urine and other symptoms, and observe the condition of consciousness. Physical examination should focus on checking temperature, blood pressure, pulse and nervous system, and carry out blood, urine, serum electrolytes and renal function and other laboratory tests. Diagnosis apply occupational heat stroke] When the diagnosis of occupational institution for occupational heat stroke diagnostic materials need to be prepared include: (A) proof of evidence of health damage, such as occupational health inspection results; (B) evidence to prove labor relations, such as labor contracts, work permits, the employer proof; ID card copy (three) require diagnosis workers; (D) Other evidence: as occupational history, history of exposure to high temperatures and weather conditions at work, workplace temperature detection and evaluation information.