PEST Analysis on UK Fixed Line Telecommunication industry Essay

PEST Analysis on UK Fixed Line Telecommunication industry - Essay Example As and when this happens, BT will be superiorly poised to leverage its huge infrastructure to add to its revenues. (Prodhan G. and Biilingham E., 2009) Just like any other market, the UK market has two distinct group of consumers; business consumers residing in metropolitan cities who subscribed to high value services, and the vast mass market spread all over the country who are unwilling/unable to pay a premium for high value services. While BT has been able to obtain a legal ruling against imposition of Universal Service Obligation that would have required it to offer fixed-line connectivity to all UK households, any future imposition of similar clauses by the British Government may severely affect its profitability. (Giles C., n.d.) However, the government also believes that Internet connectivity is core to the growth of the economy and given the severe recessionary conditions now, the government may decide to give a major thrust in increasing Internet connectivity. This may turn out to be a major boost to BT’s fixed line business. (Holton K. and Prodhan G., January 2009) Additionally, it has been indicated that BT will be free to have its own pricing strategy for the 21CN supper fast broad band network. This will help BT increase its profitability. (Parker A. and Fenton B., February 2009) UK has a very stable and matured economy that has little scope for a rapid growth. While the national GDP in 2008 was about 1.8 trillion GBP, the growth rate of the economy in 2008 over 2007 was about 3%. The present crisis has hit the economy hard, and the UK economy is expected to shrink by as much as 2%. (UK output, income and expenditure 4th quarter 2008, February 2009). However, the government has responded by cutting VAT by 250 percentage points, from 17.5 to 15%. If BT can pass this benefit to the end users, it can expect to negate a part of the decline of business due to recession. Additionally,

Airframe by Michael Crichton Essay Example for Free

Airframe by Michael Crichton Essay Michael Crichton’s 1996 literary work takes its audience into a flight adventure of suspense with a dash of humor. As the title suggests, Crichton’s audience might deduce a frame which could be found in the air. In more accurate terms, speculate about the structure of a plane. As the audience read’s it, this deduction is further strengthened with the illustration of a plane â€Å"accident† that results to an investigation on the quality on a Norton Aircraft-manufactured N-22, followed by media frenzy. For some, the event of an airplane accident which eventually results to tedious and cumbersome investigation is quite uninteresting and dull. However, readers of this book are still compelled to continuously read it because of the twists, thought-provoking exploration of a plane’s structure, high tension issues and jitters. Moreover, Michael Crichton’s style and themes informs and teaches several factual issues and concerns to its audience while entertaining them. By looking into the history and flight events, it can be said that Michael Crichton’s accounted problems in his book indeed portray real-life scenarios. Michael Crichton’s novel starts at the Transpacific Airlines flight 545, said to be a Hong Kong based transportation. In addition to this, it was also illustrated that the plane, as mentioned before, a Norton Aircraft-manufactured N-22, that is expected to arrive at Denver. However, severe turbulences occur at the California Coastline, resulting to an emergency landing at the Los Angeles airport. From the pilot’s report on the status inside the plane, there were already several injured passengers and two dead passengers. The dilemma rises from the fact, as the book states, that the plain’s history never showed or experienced poor safety record or performance. In addition to this, the pilot who was maneuvering the plane was highly trained, which takes the possibilities of human error out of the question. As such, the story tediously proceeds and revolves around the investigation regarding this â€Å"anomaly† on the plane’s condition or on the question of its safety records, and generally about how the whole incident happened. In this novel, the aircraft manufacturers in this novel responded in a way that imitates what â€Å"real† aircraft manufacturers would show or usually do after such accidents. There are cases where manufacturers are held liable or not liable to certain accidents by the jury. If the jury was impressed with the overall save rate, the manufacturer is not considered liable, resulting to the acknowledgment of the whole design utility being optimized for the majority to the detriment of a few. On the contrary, if the jury would inspect the high-speed aspects of risk in contrasts to the high-speed save rate, the manufacturer can be considered liable. As such, it is â€Å"factual† or logical that manufacturers would react in ways that Crichton describes it. On the other hand, the actions or events which follow the media hype on the airplane accident seem exaggerated, though again, convincingly true. Several scenes or illustrations regarding the media generally show that they tend to scrutinize whatever links they find regarding a certain topic which could boost their ratings. In addition to this, there is generally a persistence of the media crowd to grab whatever fact they could get a hold on to, and sometimes create stories to build or form the bits of information that they have into a persuasive story, which can either be true or partly-true. In his accounts of both the airplane problems, media and manufacturer investigations there are convincing facts which are laid to the audience by the author. In addition this are critical observations which shows Crichton’s style and manufactured tensions that keeps his readers stuck on the book, without boring their selves (just like what I felt). Crichton is like giving an ice cream, with a sprinkle of reality and fiction, mounted on a cone, coated with information and served in a plate garnished with humor that definitely keeps its audience from wanting more. References Crichton, Michael. (1996). Airframe. Alfred Knopf Publishers.

Danielle Steels The Ring - A Thin Line Between Fiction and Reality :: Danielle Steel Ring Essays

Danielle Steel's The Ring - A Thin Line Between Fiction and Reality Fiction can be considered something invented by the imagination. Although many people might feel that fiction is totally exclusive of reality, I believe that there is a very thin line between fiction and reality. This is proved in Danielle Steel's The Ring, where she has used common characters and placed them in realistic situations, facing everyday realistic issues. The Ring gives the reader a sense of realism in a fictitious novel. In fact, Danielle Steel does a really good job, portraying the characters in realistic situations such as Kassandra dealing with her affair, Walmar acting as an overprotective father to Ariana and Gerhard, and Ariana struggling to find her family. All these characters have been intertwined in a real historical setting that has, to some extent, led to their dilemmas. Kassandra's affair with Dolff is a result of being married to an elderly man, Walmar, in an arranged marriage. While Kassandra's affair cannot be justified, it is dealt with realistically as many women might engage in a similar activity under the given circumstances. These circumstances are best described by Danielle Steel, as follows, "Her assistance wasn't needed, her help, or her love, or her time" (20). There is no doubt that some women in her place would have an affair to feel special, important, and needed. And that is exactly how Dolff has made her feel. Danielle Steel confirms, "And with Dolff, Kassandra had found what she had always so desperately needed, someone who understood the odd meanderings of her soul, the longings, the fragmented pieces, the rebelliousness against the lonely restrictions of her world" (12). While this affair may seem immoral and wrong, it presents a realistic state that many people, both men and women can relate to, as seen in the movie version. Even the brutal murder of Dolff by the Nazis and Kassandra’s suicide are realistic consequences foreshadowed in Walmar’s earlier warning to Kassandra to stop the affair. Walmar also plays a pivotal part in The Ring, and just like Kassandra, he has been placed in some harsh and realistic circumstances as an overprotective father. Walmar has grown more attached to his children, Ariana and Gerhard, after his wife’s suicide. Just like any father, Walmar wants to protect his children from anything and everything, after losing their mother.

Coca-Cola Essay

Coke has been the leader in the soft drink industry for decades. Coke has a strong customer loyalty base, while appealing to new customers through effective marketing. In recent years, the soft drink industry has changed with consumers becoming more health conscious. With the consumer market changing, soft drink sales have dropped and the demand for healthy drinks are in demand. To be able to make up the difference of the drop in sales, Coca-Cola needed to come up with some innovative new products and marketing strategies that would appeal to a new market of the beverage industry. In the last decade, PepsiCo. has gained leverage on Coca-Cola, because Pepsi made beverages that appealed to the changing consumer market. In two thousand-four, Pepsi owned fifty-two point three percent of the market in China after Coke produced a plant there (SinoCast, 2004). Coca-Cola has faced struggles in the past decade due to the lack of effective marketing and new product development. The individuals that were making the decisions for Coca-Cola were focusing on their best seller Coke and Diet Coke, and discovered that two products were not enough to keep the corporation running. When using the PESTEL analysis, the first key component is to do an environmental scan (Finch, 2012). PESTEL is an acronym known as the six environmental factors which are the framework (Finch, 2012). The six environmental factors are political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (Finch, 2012). The PESTEL analysis is based upon understanding forces and trends and can pertain to any given industry (Finch, 2012). Coca-Cola did not do any environmental scan, and solely relied upon the traditional beverages and marketing that Coca-Cola had always used. oke 2. PepsiCo not only began to distribute health conscious beverages, such as juices, teas, coffees, and water they also began distributing snack foods. PepsiCo has even implemented a relationship with schools which incorporates responsible advertising practices, like offering healthy foods and beverages. PepsiCo also became a member of the International Food & Beverage Alliance, which has to be met by certain stan dards in food and beverage distribution. The proper execution of the PESTEL analysis is a tool that would give PepsiCo an advantage as it delves in market penetration, market development, and product development. The PESTEL analysis would confirm market trends, and internal and external factors, which would allow the organization to do more specific research and create the ability to make adjustments in order to reflect a gain in the industry. The PESTEL analysis is the answer as to how PepsiCo had the ability to act on a changing market and fully benefit from the changing market. A decade ago Coca-Cola began its struggle in the beverage industry, when reality hit Coca-Cola made adjustments, offered new products and adapted to the market. Five years from now, Coca-Cola has to remain competitive by changing with the market, and producing products that appeal to the current consumer interest. Not only will Coca-Cola have to be creative with products, marketing is also another challenge. Marketing has changed with technological advances, today marketing is more than a television commercial, or a billboard there are now various channels and strategies in hich to reach and appeal to consumers. Coca-Cola is known for sticking to traditional marketing and product, which has eventually put them behind their competitor. Technology is utilized in many different forms and will continue to increase as technology is an ever changing industry. Technology is a tool that should be utilized it can be cost effective and reach a new market segment. The weakness of the beverage industry is that consumers continue to become more health conscious, even down to the ingredients that make the food or beverage they are consuming. There have been studies done that lead researchers to believe that aspartame causes cancer. There are studies that lead researchers to believe that Splenda in large and prolonged quantities can also lead to cancer. These ingredients are commonly used in different types of beverages that are distributed by various companies. With the recent studies of various ingredients, the government controls food and beverage production which also means that everything has to be made public knowledge (on a label). The strengths are that of which Coca-Cola has the ability to produce beverages that appeal to the health conscious consumer. The investment into new products will allow Coca-Cola to remain competitive and appeal to new consumers as well. Along with new beverages, Coca-Cola should also explore new avenues in to growing markets and invest in them. With the financial power that Coca-Cola the investment to tap into new frontiers. There are many opportunities for growth given that marketing and product development are the focus of the future of the company. oke 4. The future of Coca-Cola relies upon the decision to continually evaluate the six major factors into success and future success of any business. Frequent environmental scanning is necessary to execute the analysis of how and what changes need to be made. With the constant adjustments to product development and marketing strategies in place to accompany the changing times, it enables the best utilizations of products and marketing.

Principle Underpinning the Role of the Practitioner Working

The benefits of developing reflective practice within a childcare setting is the key to quality improvement as it helps practitioners to identify the strengths and weaknesses of different aspects of skills and progress within the settings provision. It involves thinking about how you currently work to reflect to see if it can be done in a different way in order to improve your practise. Practitioners will be taking various observations of children to see if they’re meeting their norms, then practitioners will look to see where their weaknesses are in their developments, and how they are learning.They will reflect how they are planning to see if they can change it to increase the children’s development to make the child meet their norms in their weaknesses. Some children might need to be involved with multi-agency teams, practitioners then need to associate and create a meeting about the child to asses there needs to make an arrangement to meet there need by co-operating with the multi-agency teams. Practitioner could use the children strengths for example, numeracy (counting) so therefore they could put number shapes on the dough table to attract the child to increase their fine-motor skills.Practitioners then can adjust the planning to meet the child’s needs, by implementing and linking it to the national curriculum which is Early Years Foundation Stage. Reflective practice benefits the adults by communicating, thinking of new ideas, building positive relationships, being able to see how children are progressing, improving knowledge and improving skills when working with children. Reflective practice benefits the setting by building relationships between staff, it will make the setting a happier place, creates a positive atmosphere, safe environment and it will make you enjoy your work and make you want to be there.

How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Essays

How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Essays How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Paper How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Paper Hamlet is written during the Elizabethan period . The tragedy , Hamlet was written at a time of intellectual and political controversy . Hamlets popularity is global and it is one of Shakespeares frequently performed plays. Hamlets popularity is due to its artistic exuberance, rich and varied incidents, characters and language. Shakespeare has deep insight into human nature and can intrigue and excite the reader or the audience . Shakespeares plays are written specially to be acted on the stage . Performances took place in the open air and spectators were seated all around the stage. Shakespeare richly depicts his interest in his own profession . Obvious examples include the players and the play-within-a-play to reveal Claudiuss guilt resonates with the language and the imagery of the theatre . Shakespeares Tragedy Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is based on a 12th century tale by Saxo Grammaticus, which Shakespeare most certainly never saw, and is part of a spate of revenge dramas which were extremely popular around the turn of the seventeenth century. Hamlet was written in the 17th Century . In Elizabethan times revenge was taught to be noble and man made . According to the Elizabethans there could only be order only if man could control his passions . During the Elizabethan times elevated passages reflected philosophical thoughts . These thoughts were often spoken in verse . Rhyme was also used to convey the anxiety and passion . There was no real scenery and so setting was created through magic words . In Elizabethan times tragedy only occurred when the person was initially good and there is some tragic flaw in him which leads to his downfall . Shakespeare has cleverly used soliloquies in his plays to express the characters feelings in that situation. Using soliloquy was a literary tradition used in the olden plays to make all the readers be engrossed in the play and so that they can get in to the most possible depth and understand the hidden meaning . A kind of inner debate is portrayed through the use of soliloquies. The reader is able to gain direct experience of Hamlets inner world. to be or not to be The complexity of his thoughts and ambiguity of his actions appear life like . His intellectual energy and alertness made the action more comprehensible. Shakespeares language complexes the reader but it has deep meaning in them . He uses similes and metaphors that are the lifeblood in all his plays . In Hamlet imagery has been used, descriptive style has been used through out the play . The language used by Shakespeare is full of variety , sometimes enigmatic . Shakespeare genius and mastery of language helped the reader to appreciate Hamlets inner turmoil and to share his trauma . This play is a family drama and since we are all family members, it sustains our interest . The focus is on family relationships like brother , sister ,father and son, daughter and mother, etc . We also understand the importance of friendship , In this play in the 1ST Act the reader is informed that the King of Denmark was murdered by His own brother Claudius . Claudius wanted to rule Denmark and so fulfilled his greed by murdering his own brother . Shakespeare also includes super natural element his fathers ghost . His fathers ghost commands him to take his revenge. So this play depicts the sons turmoil and how he delays to take his actions. To obey our parents is the primary duty of each and every child . A child is been taught till today in school that he should always respect his elders and obey them as they will be successful in their lives if they are obedient and can also pass this on to the next generation . Shakespeare conveys the lesson of being obedient through many ways . One of the ways is when Leartes warns Ophelia about Hamlet . A violet in the youth of primary nature , Forward not permanent , sweet, not lasting. The inward service of the mind and soul Grows wide withal . In this case colours have been created here through the words violet . Images of the spring season have been created . Shakespeare uses this phrase as it was proverbial as well as associated with love . This is one of the ways Shakespeare involved the reader in the play . Adjectives have also been used in this line sweet . All this is done to create an image in the readers eyes . These lines emphasizes that Hamlets love was short lived and not lasting because as Hamlet grew up he became wiser . The words youth of primary nature emphasizes that love is youthful and not long-lasting. Leartes also cautions Ophelia His greatness weighed , his will is not his own For he himself is subject to his birth For on his choice depends The safety and the wealth of this whole state. Leartes makes Ophelia aware that as he is the king he has to please everyone . Hamlet cant choose to marry because he is the prince and he has to marry in the interest of the state. Leartes is a typical protective brother as he warns her of Hamlet. We learn from this the relationship of the brother and sister . He also says Fear it Ophelia , fear it my dear sister. And keep you in the rear of your affection Out of the shot and danger of desire This line tells the reader that Leartes warns her that Hamlet might take advantage of her innocence . Shakespeare cleverly uses images of treasure , war , masks and disease as sexual metaphors when Leartes warns his sister against losing her virginity to Hamlet or lose your heart or your chaste treasure open to this unmastered opportunity . This is a lesson to the reader that he should always listen to his elders as they are more experienced and know more than us . Polonius even warns Ophelia about Hamlet and this part even shows us the importance of being obedient and always listening to our elders . Shakespeare has used a variety of language techniques here to make the reader learn valuable lesson about obedience . Shakespeare begins with a Rhetorical Question . What is between you ? Give me up the truth . Polonius too warns Ophelia to stay away from Hamlet as he could deceive her at any moment and as he was the king his primary duty was to look after the needs of the people . Shakespeare also uses a simile . Affection ? pooh ! You speak like a green girl . A green girl is a girl who is inexperienced . So Shakespeare uses this to compare Ophelia to an inexperienced girl . This word green refers to the reader as he too is inexperienced and he should always listen to his elders . Shakespeare creates stunning imagery which helps the reader visualize the situation . Or not to crack the wind of the poor phrase The image is of a horse or over exertion of a hound which will get the stitch . Shakespeare has used strong comparisons . Ay, springs to catch woodcocks Wood cock was a foolish bird that fell into snares . So in this case he compares Ophelia to a woodcock . When the blood burns , how prodigal the soul Lends the tongue vows He tells her that in youth any body will say anything , but it is up to her that she should not believe them set your entreatments at a higher rate Than a command to parle Polonius tells her that she should have her own dignity. Its very important for a person to have his or her dignity because others will respect him / her . She should also be at a commanding position. for Lord hamlet , Believe so much in him that he is young, Do not believe his vows . For they are brokers. He warns Ophelia that she should be careful of Hamlet as he could take advantage of her innocence . In this case Shakespeare uses comparison again . This time he compares Hamlet to brokers . I appreciate his comparison as Polonius was confident that Hamlet would break her daughters heart and all the vows and promises they had taken . Ophelia unwillingly acknowledges her father and replies I shall obey my lord . I appreciate her courage as she is ready to sacrifice her love and submits herself to her fathers instructions . There is one more character who shows the reader that he is loyal to his father . That is Hamlet . In Act 1 scene 5 Shakespeare has made use of supernatural elements his fathers ghost. His father commanded him to take revenge against the serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears the crown He promised his father that he will take revenge. Hamlet was in a state of confusion whether or not take the revenge . He knew that it taking away a persons life was not in his hands , it was all on All Mighty . His conscience prevented him to do such a devious thing. Still he took revenge to show the reader that he obeys his father. Another way we know about his obedience is when his fathers ghost tells him Taint not thy mind , nor let my soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven. His fathers ghost commanded him to leave his mother alone to the heaven. When he had a conversation with his mother , he never harmed her but persuaded her to introspect herself. He also forced her to confess that she was responsible for his fathers death. Confess yourself to heaven. Friendship is an in-depth relationship combining trust, support, communication, loyalty, understanding, empathy, and intimacy. In friendship trust lies on each other and they share their feelings with each other . One lesson which we learn is about friendship . Shakespeare has conveyed this lesson for the reader through many ways . One of the way is through Leartes and Polonius . In this situation Leartes is departing to France and Polonius instructs him about what kind of friends he should have . These instructions resembles of a typical father who advices his son when he goes out for future studies . The first thing Polonius tells him The wind sits in the shoulder of your sail . Shakespeare uses stunning language techniques when he portrays some very valuable lessons which could be applied in our lives. He makes use of Personification here . Polonius tries to tell Leartes that nature is favoring him that he should go out of the country to study . Shakespeare gives the wind the quality to sit . look thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue. This line emphasizes that a person should think before he / she speak because if you dont think the other person might have a wrong impression about you . This is a lesson for the reader that he should think before he speaks . Be thou familiar , but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast and their adoption to them Grapple them unto thy soul with hoops of steel Harsh words have been used by Shakespeare vulgar. Shakespeare has used harsh words so that the reader learns that a person should not be rude in friendship and you should not offend your friends as they are an integral part of your life . This line conveys the message that we should be pleasant in our friendship when dealing with others and that we should not become cheap with the common people . The 2nd sentence teaches the reader that we should not be overfriendly with someone as there could be disagreements between friends . But do not dull thy palm with entertainment . Negative words like dull have been used to emphasize on the point that your friendship should not be meaningless . We should also be very selective while choosing our friends. We should not be with bad company but with true friends who will help us out . So we should only shake our hands with those people who are our true friends . This is again a lesson for the reader. be aware of entrance to quarrel . but being in beart that th opposed may be aware of thee . Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice Take each mans censure , but reserve thy judgement Harsh words like quarrel used by Shakespeare to depict the fact that in friendship there should be no fights. Words like beware used to caution the reader that quarrel should not exists in friendship . In the 2nd quote the line emphasizes that a man should always listen more and talk less. Another lesson it tells the reader that he should take advice from other people . At last Shakespeare has also used a simile And it must follow , as the night the day . Shakespeares compares that just as the day follows the night , Leartes should also follow the instructions given to him . I appreciate his use of similes , comparisons as they help the reader to visualize the situation . The other characters that depict the importance of friendship are Horatio and Hamlet . Horatio was Hamlets close friend . A friend is whom we share our feelings and they are the ones who give us suggestions if we are facing any crisis . Horatio also warns Hamlet when he was following a ghost : Do not my lord What if it tempt you toward the flood , my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff Horatio warns him that he should not believe in hallucinations as it could harm him or drive him into madness . This shows his concern for his friend. Horatio used to support Hamlet at every ups and downs . A friend is someone who we can trust up on. Horatio was worthy to be trusted by Hamlet . The reader knows about it in the 1st Act when Hamlet tells them to swear that they wont tell anything about the ghost. Ay by heaven my lord . Horatio kept his secret and till the end he did not tell it to anyone. Hamlet used to admire Hamlet and he shows his admiration as a true friend . Hamlet tells Horatio about friendship and tells him to support him. He tells Horatio For what advancement may I hope from thee , That no revenge hast but thy good spirits Shakespeare has used adjectives while teaching us valuable lessons in life so that its descriptive and it captures the readers attention. good spirits. Hamlet tells to Horatio that he should be friendly with him and not betray him in any way or the other . Hamlet also shares his inner conflict with Horatio. He tells Him Sir in my heart there was a kind of fighting- This shows true friendship as Hamlet shares his emotional disturbance with Horatio as he feel secured with him . Harsh words have been used by Shakespeare fighting to depict Hamlets inner disturbance . Shakespeare has also used characters who dont value friendship at all they are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . They are a contrast to Hamlet and Horatios friendship . They are the ones who try to deceive Hamlet but failed . They were sent by the King to find about the reason for his madness . Hamlet wanted a friend who would be true to him and not deceive him . By what more dear a better prosper can charge your withal . Shakespeare uses simile to compares those characters who did not value friendship- Rosencrantz and Guildenstern He keeps them like an ape an apple . He compares these two to an apple kept so that the King could extract all information from them . The reader also learns the importance of prayer . Prayer is very necessary as we should thank God for all we have . We should also confess to God if we have done something wrong . Claudius is guilty of what he has done and confesses to God . Poetic language used by Shakespeare to show that Claudius was really guilty To wash it white as snow? Where to serves mercy But to confront the visage of offence? He has used similes white as snow . He wants God to wash away all his sins completely . What then ? What rests? What it can it not Shakespeare has used Rhetorical Questions in the play to depict the reader that his state of mind was in confusion . Imagery has been created through Shakespeares choice of words heart with strings of steel The reader imagines his heart strings have hardened to steel as a result of the crime . Introspection is necessary as a person would be able to find out whether was he correct or wrong . It was a literary tradition to convey the character of the person . This above all :to thine own self be true . This is the most important line as it portrays that whatever we do , we should be answerable to conscience . If we do something superior than we will be able to answer our conscience and will not be ashamed of what we have done. In Hamlet Shakespeare has used Soliloquy to tell us about the characters feelings at that time and this helps us to judge the character of Hamlet. o what a rogue am I Hamlet humiliates himself . He also asks himself questions am I coward? who calls me villain? He condemns himself for not taking any action against Claudius . why , what an ass am I. Shakespeare has used rhetorical questions which depict the reader the state of confusion he was in and the inner conflict he was facing at that situation. Hamlet asks himself many questions through out the play. to be or not to be- Hamlet was wondering to take the revenge or not. This is an important lesson to the reader that he should ask himself a string of questions to test whether he was right or wrong .

Sex Pressure Essays - Fertility, Sexual Acts, Sexual Health, RTT

Sex Pressure Essays - Fertility, Sexual Acts, Sexual Health, RTT Sex Pressure sexual pressures The media is just one of the factors responsible for the increase in teen sexuality. Throughout a humans adolescents years they are subject to a number of sexual pressures. Through research I have found that peers are among the most influential. An adolescent is not limited to peer pressure though. They face pressures from the media as well. I believe that media pressure is just a influential as peer pressure. There is also other pressure, from people such as older friends, parents, and just adults in general. Peers is a term that can be defined as friends. I have found that many teens have friends that are athletes. In high schools, boy athletes outscore all of the other boys with the girls(Elias 1). On the other hand , girls on sports teams are much less sexually active than other females who do not play sports(Elias 1). This shows that male athletes are far more pressuring each other on the issue of sexuality. So for males who are into sports they are subjected to a host of pressu res and can as a result do things they would not normally do. On the contrary, I found that females who do sports are far less pressured and influenced about sex. In fact they are far less likely to be sexually active than teen females who do not participate in sports. I believe that all teens in general should know the results of being a sexually active teen. There are many consequences of being sexually active, one of the major one being sexually transmitted diseases. A sexually transmitted disease might not sound so bad but, some can cause sterility and even worse , death. Even when condoms are used, a STD can still be transmitted. Depending on the type of std they can or can not be cured. A few diseases that can not be cured include herpes, HPV, And HIV, which later turns into the virus AIDS. The disease HPV can cause cervical cancer and HIV results in a long, painful death. Almost a third of sexually active teens contracted a new STD within a mere six months, reported one study , even among condom users(Terilliger 2). Once a teen has become sexually active he or she must assume new roles. Males must think about the issue of perhaps becoming a father by accident of intentionally. Moreover, females must think about all the consequences of having sex. No sex happens to be the safest form of sexual activity. It is not hard for a condom to break of for birth control pills to be forgotten once or twice during a cycle to cause a pregnancy. In addition, once a female becomes pregnant there are few options she can explore. In a like manner, adults are an impact on a teens sexuality. Most teens look up to an adult and admire them. Likewise, they want to try to be like there idol. This is why an adult can have a profound impact on a teen trying to cope with the pressures of sexuality. That is why all adults in all classes of society should watch what they do or say in relation to teens. For example, The President of the United States was adulterous and lied about it. We as society say so what? when the accusations surfaced at first(Kavanagh 13). In the same fashion, the media plays a huge part of sexual pressures exerted on a teen. One way being television. Television at the present time is full of vulgarness and sex. As far as prime time television is concerned is safer to watch old re runs of the Lucy Show and the Cosby Show. they ere from an era where sex was not such a prime time staple(Riley 186). This show how much society has changed concerning sex. In the old times sex was not a way to get better ratings like it is today. Similarly, music has an impact on an adolescents sexuality. Rap lyrics at the current time are full of obscenities and words concerning sex. In the rapper Eminem's song Role Model , he says, Im going to rape her and leave her, once I get near her(mathers

Price Elasticity of Supply

Price Elasticity of Supply This is the third article in this series on the economic concept of elasticity. The first explains the basic concept of elasticity and illustrates it using price elasticity of demand as an example. The second article in the series considers Income Elasticity of Demand.  Ã‚   A brief review  of the concept of elasticity and of price elasticity of demand appears in the section immediately following. In the section following that income elasticity of demand is also reviewed.  In the final section, price elasticity of supply is explained and its formula given in the context of the discussion and reviews in the previous sections. A Brief Review of Elasticity in Economics Consider the demand for a certain good- aspirin, for example. What happens to the demand for one manufacturers aspirin product when that manufacturer- which well call manufacturer X- raises the price? Keeping that question in mind, consider a different situation: the demand for the worlds most expensive new automobile, the  Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita. Its reported retail price is $4.8 million. What do you think might happen if the manufacturer raised the price to $5.2M or lowered it to $4.4M?   Now, return to the question of the demand for manufacturer Xs aspirin product following an increase in the retail price. If you guessed that the demand for Xs aspirin  might decline substantially, youd be right. It makes sense, because, first, every manufacturers aspirin product is essentially the same as anothers- theres no health advantage whatsoever in selecting one manufacturers product over another. Second, the product is widely available from a number of other manufacturers- the consumer always has a number available choices. So, when a consumer selects an aspirin product, one of the few things that distinguish manufacturer Xs product from others is that it costs a little more. So why would the consumer choose X? Well, some might continue to buy aspirin X out of habit or brand loyalty, but many very probably would not. Now, lets return to the Koenigsegg CCXR, which currently costs $4.8M, and think about what might happen if the price went up or down a few hundred thousand. If you thought it might not change the demand for the car by that much, youre right again. Why? Well, first of all, anyone in the market for a multi-million dollar automobile is not a frugal shopper. Someone who has money enough to consider the purchase is unlikely to be concerned about price. Theyre concerned primarily about the car, which is unique. So the second reason why the demand might not change much with price is that, really, if you want that particular driving experience, theres no alternative. How would you state these two situations in more formal economic terms? Aspirin has a high price elasticity of demand, meaning that small changes in price have greater demand consequences. The Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita has a low elasticity of demand, meaning that changing the price doesnt greatly change buyer demand.  Another way of stating the same thing a little more generally is that when the demand for the product has a percentage change thats less than the percentage change in the products price, the demand is said to be inelastic. When the percentage increase or decrease in demand is greater than the percentage increase in price, the demand  is said to be elastic.   The formula for price elasticity of demand, which is explained in a little more detail in the first article in this series, is: Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) (% Change in Quantity Demanded/ (% Change in Price) A Review of Income Elasticity of Demand The second article in this series, Income Elasticity of Demand, considers the effect on demand of a different variable, this time consumer income. What happens to consumer demand when consumer income drops? The article explains that what happens to consumer demand for a product when consumer income drops depends upon the product. If the product is a necessity- water, for instance- when consumer income drops they will continue to use water- perhaps a little more carefully- but theyll probably cut back on other purchases. To generalize this idea slightly, consumer demand for essential products will be relatively inelastic  with respect to changes in consumer income, but elastic  for products that are not essential. The formula for this is: Income Elasticity of Demand (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Income) Price Elasticity of Supply The price elasticity of supply (PEoS) is used to see how sensitive the supply of a good is to a price change. The higher the price elasticity, the more sensitive producers and sellers are to price changes. A very high price elasticity suggests that when the price of a good goes up, sellers will supply a great deal less of the good and when the price of that good goes down, sellers will supply a great deal more. A very low price elasticity implies just the opposite, that changes in price have little influence on supply. The formula for price elasticity of supply is: PEoS (% Change in Quantity Supplied)/(% Change in Price) As with the elasticity of other variables If PEoS 1 then Supply is Price Elastic (Supply is sensitive to price changes)If PEoS 1 then Supply is Unit ElasticIf PEoS 1 then Supply is Price Inelastic (Supply is not sensitive to price changes) Incidentally, we always ignore the negative sign when analyzing  price  elasticity, so PEoS is always positive.

Are US policies toward the Middle East likely to succeed Discuss with Essay

Are US policies toward the Middle East likely to succeed Discuss with relation to to either democratization or Iran - Essay Example he following will discuss Middle Eastern perceptions of American foreign policy and ask the question, are US policies toward the Middle East likely to succeed? Democracy has been at the forefront of stated American ambitions in the region and the decision by the United States to invade Iraq and overthrow Saddam Hussein in 2003 was perhaps the most controversial event in recent Middle Eastern history. Seen by many as an attempt by the United States to exert its global hegemony and dispose of a dictator not for the benefit of the Iraqi people, nor due to the supposed cache of weapons of mass destruction, but to obtain access to the vast oil resources of Iraq, this invasion is arguably the most controversial aspect of American foreign policy within the past quarter century. The US invasion of Iraq was controversial for a variety of reasons, the not least of which was the fact that the invasion did not first receive United Nations Security Council approval: an important condition in inte rnational relations which effectively legitimizes decisive political action. Opinion polls, conducted in the Middle East prior to the invasion by both the British Broadcasting Corporation and global pollster Ipsos Reed, effectively demonstrated how different Arab (and Iranian) perceptions of the War were in comparison to those of Americans (who were divided, albeit less opposed, to the invasion). We now turn to an analysis of unilateralism in the 21t century, the driving force of American foreign policy in the Middle East since the attacks of September 11, 2001 (Reynolds 2008). According to Drake University Professor of Politics and International Relations, David Skidmore, American unilateralism developed into an explicit and implicit policy of the present Bush Administration since the aftermath of September 11th 2001. Although the United States, historically committed to multilateralism, collective decision-making and international rules of law, has rejected foreign policy

Research paper for Health Economics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

For Health Economics - Research Paper Example If the medical profession is viewed as health care service being a public or civic activity, it can capture the true purposes of the service. The ethical practices of health care is a strong debate in this field of study and incorporates both the commercial aspects as well as the social and ethical aspects of health policies, health reforms, and moral medical practice meaningfully (Jennings and Hanson). 3 Introduction Health care is a debated topic in the current decade and the discussion over today's health care system revolves around the views that consider â€Å"health care services as commodities† (Jennings and Hanson). These debates involve discussions about how reforms can be brought about in this sector. This point of view takes care of the economic objectives of the reforms in the health care system but obscures the other portion of the purposes of providing efficient health care: the morally vital attributes of the medical profession and the health care provision. If the medical profession is viewed as health care service being a public or civic activity, it can capture the true purposes of the service. ... The price of these products and their availability are specific characteristics making them similar to other normal economic commodities. Although these characteristics are advantageous for some consumers in the US that have coverage of health insurance and also for those that manufacture medicines and medical equipment, the specificity of the characteristics places other parties, such as uninsured consumers and the government, at a disadvantageous position. Racial disparities play an important role in the status of the health care system in the US and are considered as an unrelenting and disconcerting problem for the country. Health status of the average population in a country reflects the economic health of the country, and it is a serious problem since ample policy efforts have yet not been able to rectify the situation. On the contrary, African-Americans and other ethnic and racial minorities are often reported to receive less than the desired level of care. The quality of medic al attention also differs from the care received by their white skinned counterparts (Jha). This makes the situation worse. The hypothesis made in this context is that racial disparities can be eliminated and a better health care system can be established in the States. The questions studied through this research are: what causes these disparities to exist and what steps might be taken in order to do away with the gap and reduce the disproportion in the country’s health system. The study has been carried out by collecting secondary data and making qualitative analysis of the same. Secondary resources available on online and print media such as books, journals, newspapers and online articles,

The international criminal court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The international criminal court - Essay Example The International Criminal Court was established to provide assistance in the most complex international crime situations. The ICC is a fully independent institution that operates in accordance with the Rome Statute and aims at dealing with the most serious international crimes, including crimes against humanity. Some of the most famous cases in the ICC included the case of Milosevich and prosecutions against the political and military leaders of Congo and Uganda. Based on the principles of legitimacy, fairness, and justice, the ICC exemplifies a successful attempt to resolve the most controversial crime situations and issues at the supranational level. The ICC: purpose and structure The International Criminal Court (ICC) is fairly regarded as the central and most important body in the criminal prosecution process. It â€Å"is the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community† (ICC 2010). Needless to say, the ICC is primarily concerned with the crimes against humanity and their consequences. It is a fully independent organization, which has nothing to do with any of the current international humanitarian unions and organizations, including the United Nations, and operates in accordance with â€Å"the norms and principles of the Rome Statute† (ICC 2010). ... the ICC, it is one of the most successful legal courts ever created by humanity – it helps to reach and further maintains â€Å"international consensus on the most problematic definitions of war crimes, genocides, and other crimes against humanity† (ICC 2010). There is an emerging consensus that impunity in the modern society contradicts the basic principles of humanitarian activity and is simply unacceptable (ICC 2010). Following the end of the civil conflicts in Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the International Criminal Tribunal tried but failed to achieve the purpose of global justice; and it was not before 1998 that a new international court was created to support the humanity in its movement toward stability and peace. The ICC is a complex institutional body, which comprises Presidency, Judicial divisions, Office of the Prosecutor, Registry, and other offices (ICC 2010). â€Å"Although the ICC has never been a part or member of the United Nations organization, it maintains productive cooperative ties with the UN† (ICC 2010). Three Judges make up the court’s Presidency, which is primarily responsible for managing, administering, and monitoring all Court’s operations, â€Å"with the exception of the Prosecutor† (ICC 2010). â€Å"The Presidency is elected by other, fellow judges, for a three years’ term† (ICC 2010). The ICC’s current President is Sang-Huyn Song, whereas Judges Fatoumata Dembele Diarra and Hans-Peter Kaul are the first and second vice-presidents, accordingly (ICC 2010). The Court consists of the Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals divisions, with eighteen judges in them (ICC 2010). Each division has six judges, which are responsible for proceedings at different stages of the criminal prosecution process (ICC 2010). In its turn, the Office of the Prosecutor’s

Refrigerator, how does it work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refrigerator, how does it work - Research Paper Example This paper keenly discusses how refrigerator works as well as its history and associated design processes. Before the invention of the modern refrigerator, individuals used ice or snow to cool their food. One of the most known pioneers of the modern refrigerator was William Cullen. In 1748, Cullen invented the first refrigeration at the Glasgow University. Similarly, Oliver Evans, a renowned American inventor also contributed in the development of the refrigeration by inventing the vapor-compression refrigeration that was mostly used in 1805. The aim of this machine was to remove heat from substances by the process of recycling vaporized refrigerant. Another contributor in the early development of refrigerator was Jacob Evans. Through the use of vapor-compression, Evans invented the first refrigerator after making various improvements on Oliver designs. As the demand for the refrigeration increased, various scientists and doctors introduced other aspects that were focused at improvin g the refrigeration process. In 1913, Fred Wolf, introduced the refrigerators that were used in homes. This was followed by the introduction of a refrigeration unit in 1914 by Nathaniel, a well known engineer who was based in Michigan. In 1927, a refrigerator by the name Monitor-Top was introduced. Based on its improved design and effectiveness in storing food, Monitor-Top attracted high demand especially in US market. The technical improvements that occurred in refrigeration after the World War II led to the development of more efficient refrigerators in 1960s and 1970s. As the technology improves, modern refrigerators that stores food for a longer time have been introduced in the market. Another definition of refrigeration is cooling an item to a particular temperature that is usually lower that the room temperature where the refrigerator is situated. Apart from making the stored items cooler, refrigerator helps in halting the process of decaying that may take process due to chemi cal process (Balmer, 2011). In the modern societies, refrigerators are used in various ways. One of the most significant uses of refrigerators is storage. As mentioned earlier, before the invention of refrigeration food was stored under water. Even though this was effective method of storage, the lifespan of the food was not for a long time. After the invention of the refrigerator, it was possible to lower the temperatures such that food could be stored for a longer time. Another use of refrigerator is to think ahead. For example, in the modern times cooks and manufacturers can prepare food and store for later consumption. In the early times, food storage was a notable problem. Family meals can now be prepared when the prices of raw materials are low thus reducing the costs of preparing the food. Refrigerators are also used in transportation. Before the introduction of refrigerators, it was difficult to transport perishable products from one location to another. It was after the int roduction of the refrigerators that food could be stored in a cool place during the transit. Improved quality is another merit that was experienced after the invention of refrigerators. It is imperative to note that before the introduction of the refrigerators, quality food was produced only during specific times of the year for example when the temperatures were low. In

Stress Management in the Workplace Research Paper

Stress Management in the Workplace - Research Paper Example By finding out the common reasons of job related stress, companies can identify likely â€Å"trouble spots† (Maslach & Leiter, 1997, p. 72) in their own business. The more extensive the application of the term ‘stress’, the more indefinable its meaning. Well known meaning of stress, that is identified by everyone, is a personal experience due to anxiety or burden on a person, and negatively affects the person’s capability to handle or rather, his/her viewpoint regarding that capability. Bad teamwork and ineffective management were the two important reasons behind job related stress, with bad teamwork concerns having the â€Å"most powerful influence† (Maslach & Leiter, 1997, p. 81) on work-related fatigue, physical fitness problems, and performance issues. Job related stress is associated with fatigue, physical as well as psychological wellbeing issues, and performance issues, such as absence, high employee turnover and mistakes. At this point in time, main worry of workers is to find a way for having stability in responsibilities of professional as well as personal life. Taking into consideration the fact that flexibility is a very crucial concern for employees, having insignificant flexibility in the job will be a significant factor contributing towards stress. â€Å"The more practical as well as uncompromising a company is about taking time off, looking for professional agendas, and so forth, the more the level of stress of its staff† (Maslach & Leiter, 1997, p. 87). Stress affects people by at least two ways. â€Å"First, prolonged stress makes people to regress† (Stranks, pp. 23-24). Their mental growth upsets, and they are likely to act in an immature manner. They promptly turn out to be more careless as well as irresponsible. A simple, common everyday example is a sick person who is unhappy and suffering from a number of days. His family members will agree that he has become self-centered, loud, and

Refrigerator, how does it work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Refrigerator, how does it work - Research Paper Example This paper keenly discusses how refrigerator works as well as its history and associated design processes. Before the invention of the modern refrigerator, individuals used ice or snow to cool their food. One of the most known pioneers of the modern refrigerator was William Cullen. In 1748, Cullen invented the first refrigeration at the Glasgow University. Similarly, Oliver Evans, a renowned American inventor also contributed in the development of the refrigeration by inventing the vapor-compression refrigeration that was mostly used in 1805. The aim of this machine was to remove heat from substances by the process of recycling vaporized refrigerant. Another contributor in the early development of refrigerator was Jacob Evans. Through the use of vapor-compression, Evans invented the first refrigerator after making various improvements on Oliver designs. As the demand for the refrigeration increased, various scientists and doctors introduced other aspects that were focused at improvin g the refrigeration process. In 1913, Fred Wolf, introduced the refrigerators that were used in homes. This was followed by the introduction of a refrigeration unit in 1914 by Nathaniel, a well known engineer who was based in Michigan. In 1927, a refrigerator by the name Monitor-Top was introduced. Based on its improved design and effectiveness in storing food, Monitor-Top attracted high demand especially in US market. The technical improvements that occurred in refrigeration after the World War II led to the development of more efficient refrigerators in 1960s and 1970s. As the technology improves, modern refrigerators that stores food for a longer time have been introduced in the market. Another definition of refrigeration is cooling an item to a particular temperature that is usually lower that the room temperature where the refrigerator is situated. Apart from making the stored items cooler, refrigerator helps in halting the process of decaying that may take process due to chemi cal process (Balmer, 2011). In the modern societies, refrigerators are used in various ways. One of the most significant uses of refrigerators is storage. As mentioned earlier, before the invention of refrigeration food was stored under water. Even though this was effective method of storage, the lifespan of the food was not for a long time. After the invention of the refrigerator, it was possible to lower the temperatures such that food could be stored for a longer time. Another use of refrigerator is to think ahead. For example, in the modern times cooks and manufacturers can prepare food and store for later consumption. In the early times, food storage was a notable problem. Family meals can now be prepared when the prices of raw materials are low thus reducing the costs of preparing the food. Refrigerators are also used in transportation. Before the introduction of refrigerators, it was difficult to transport perishable products from one location to another. It was after the int roduction of the refrigerators that food could be stored in a cool place during the transit. Improved quality is another merit that was experienced after the invention of refrigerators. It is imperative to note that before the introduction of the refrigerators, quality food was produced only during specific times of the year for example when the temperatures were low. In

Intermediate macroeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intermediate macroeconomics - Assignment Example The cycle can be illustrated graphically as shown below. Potential output is the total production of output that is possible when all the factors of production are fully and efficiently employed. For example when the unemployment rate is about 5% since a 0% unemployment rate cannot be achieved in real economic conditions. Actual output is the real physical output that has actually been produced in the economy. Output gap is therefore expressed as the difference between the potential output and the real output. Large output gap is an indication of increased unemployment rate. The neo-classical theory uses output gap to explain business cycle. Y=c[y-t(y)]+i(r)+g dy=c’(dy-I’dy)+I’dr =c’dy-c’I’dy+I’dr dy-c’(1-i’)dy=I’dr dy(1-c’(1-i’)d=I’dr dy=I’dr/1-c’(1-i’) dy/dr=I’/1-c’(1-i’) The expenditure multiplier explains the amount o change in output due to a unit change in government expenditure while tax multiplier explains the amount of change in output due to a unit change in tax rate. m/p=l(r)+k(y)

Henry James started life in a wealthy family Essay Example for Free

Henry James started life in a wealthy family Essay His grandfather was one of the first American millionaires. James father was a theologian and his brother was a psychologist. In fact, his brother, William James, was the pioneer of psychoanalysis. Around the time that James wrote The Turn of The Screw (1897), people began to think a lot more about the inner workings of the mind. James seems especially interested in what it is that attracts humans to one another and as to when sexuality begins to shape itself in a child. An example of this is shown in one of his early novels, Watch and Ward, in which a bachelor adopts a young girl with an intention to marry her. This is also shown in The Turn of The Screw, when Miles kisses the governess. The adversary of the governess, Peter Quint, has sexually abused Miles, continuing this psychological theme. Much of James work is centred on the innocence of the West and the corruption and wisdom of the East. When Henry James wrote The Turn of The Screw, I believe his intention was to create a gripping, thought-provoking piece of fiction to involve the reader. He wrote entirely through the governess eyes so that the book would involve the reader. There is also a prologue in which the reader is included in a circle of friends telling ghost stories to one another. One man proclaims that he knows of this story and then the narrative begins in earnest. This immediately tells the reader what to expect from the story and how to approach it. However, the practice of people sitting round an open fire and entertaining each other with ghost stories is, sadly, not common and, if it occurs at all, people tend to relate anecdotes rather than ghost stories. James has created a tense novel; he builds huge suspense by not immediately saying what is happening. He presents the story as a journal: the perceptions of the governess. This is slightly similar to The Catcher In The Rye by J. D. Salinger. In this the main character (Holden Caulfield) pours out all his thoughts onto paper. The governess writes in a similar way, but it is subtler and more edited; James is trying to make the reader live the book. For instance, when the governess first realises that Miss Jessel is standing on the opposite side of the lake from her, James does not merely present this fact, but instead goes through all the ideas thoughts and observations of the governess in minute detail and keeps the reader in continued suspense until the revelation. Some people may have found this novel frightening in 1898 (its contemporary setting) but its setting is actually one of its downfalls in appealing to a modern audience. It is too near to real life to appeal or frighten. The modern horror audiences taste has become increasingly extreme so that horror films and books are more fantastical. Even though they are increasingly unrealistic, this makes them more frightening and somehow involves the audience more. The basis of the Turn of The Screw is horror invading everyday life. There is a lot more exposure to horror in the present day, so this dampens the effect that this novel has on people now. People become cynical when they are over-exposed to something, such as advertising. Henry James wrote verbosely, using lots of imagery, which in most cases is profound. He uses many subordinate clauses, which can make it difficult to understand i. e. : This is written in the voice of the governess (as a journal entry) and the choice of vocabulary shows us that she is well educated (as does the fact that she can write) but perhaps a bit nervous. It is as if she is getting hysterical just writing about the experience. This is perhaps because she is unfamiliar with the job and has never worked with children before. The old definition of hysteria was: A nervous affection, occurring exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxysm or fits. Websters Dictionary This is a reminder of how women were seen and their (expected) role in society at the time the book was written. In relation to The Turn of the Screw being a successful ghost story for a modern audience, it may be slightly outdated and perhaps ill-received in our post-feminist society. Women are no longer seen as people who should only look after domestic matters. However, it can break the spell of the writing if you have to read a sentence twice to get the precise meaning of the writers idea. This can prevent people from getting involved in the story and if you are not involved, you are not enjoying the story. The imagery is open to interpretation but I believe that if you look at some of James imagery and can explain it with the first thought that enters your mind, you do not have James meaning. For instance, when Flora runs off to the lake to be with Miss Jessel and the governess and Mrs. Grose go to fetch her: The lake is a metaphor for Jessels evil influence and power. The governess is saying that she believes Flora can be saved because Jessel does not have complete control over her yet. The lake is also described as a sheet of water and a sheet can be used to hide things. Another use for a sheet which was more common in James time (the Victorian period) would be to cover unused furniture in ones second home. The practice of covering all furniture is uncommon in our time. This is another factor to consider when questioning whether The Turn of the Screw is an effective ghost story for a modern audience. There are also many references to the title of the book in some imagery such as, in the same chapter, when Flora is sticking a mast in her toy boat. This again uses the governess non-description of the important part of the scene to build tension. Some of the imagery used still has relevance today. We are instilled with an inherent metaphoric belief that high is good and low is bad, as shown in the book with the varying positions of the governess and the spirits on the staircase. Also the metaphor turning the screw is still an accepted term for increasing tension today. The language used may be difficult to understand for a modern audience and not many people can identify with the character, since there is not much to need for home tutors and guardians now. Parents generally have much more sociable working hours and prefer to spend the money on something more necessary. In addition, children are now required to go to school (unless they are one of the rare cases of those tutored at home. ) Many people will not personally know a governess, let alone be able to empathise with one. However, some people such as single parents (especially single mothers) may identify with feeling that sort of responsibility towards their children. The Turn of The Screw was effective in its contemporary setting. People were more superstitious at that time, because for many people life was hard, and they needed something to focus upon. More people believed in God, and for God to exist there has to be some evil in the world. There was also no entertainment except that which people made for themselves. Parlour games, telling stories or reading books were common leisure activities, since people could not just sit down in front of the television. Many of these stories were passed down from generation to generation and the most popular were ghost stories. We are fascinated with the supernatural and the unknown. It is one of the basic primal fears the fear of the unknown that appeals to us. The industrial revolution brought about more education for lower to middle class people and this meant there was a growing audience for books and especially fiction. People felt the need to escape from the real world. In modern times we are discouraged from this way of thinking because science has come a long way since the nineteenth century and there is no scientific evidence to suggest that these things can happen. However, fantasy books and films are popular, showing there is still an escapist desire in the human psyche, even though more people are educated and we are taught that ghosts do not exist. It seems that television has destroyed this silence and continuity. The story needs to be retold. The haunting effect of a ghost story can now be disrupted more easily because we have electricity, with which comes bright electric lights that can penetrate any unknown shadow. However, if you have a sufficiently romantic mind then the language could help involve you in the atmosphere. Also I think that people could identify with this because there are similar (perceived) dangers today. Peter Quint is a paedophile and what happens in the novel is also the stuff of nightmares for parents in modern times. However, despite these factors, I do not believe that The Turn of the Screw is ultimately a successful ghost story for the modern audience. The situation, language and characters are too alien, yet everyday, to really involve an audience. Technology, science and education deal the final blow, destroying the audiences connection with the heart of the story. Ed Byford In your opinion, is The Turn Of The Screw a 25/04/2007 successful ghost story for a modern audience?

Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay

Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay In Telecommunications Applications, cellular is the fastest and very demanding Technology. Today, It is representing a continuous increasing percentage of all telephone subscriptions around the globe. GSM is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems. It is estimated that around 80% of worldwide mobile market uses this standard. Currently there are about 4 Billion cellular subscribers around the world. GSM differs from its previous technologies in that both signalling and speech channels are digital. Thus GSM is considered as 2nd Generation (2G). Definition: Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. The GSM family of technologies has provided the world with mobile communications since 1991. In over twenty years of development, GSM has been continually enhanced to provide platforms that deliver an increasingly broad range of mobile services as demand grows. Where the industry started with plain voice calls, it now has a powerful platform capable of supporting mobile broadband and multimedia services. GSM is now used in 219 countries and territories serving more than three billion people and providing travellers with access to mobile services wherever they go. GSM An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services EDGE An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services HSPA An open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services GPRS A  very widely deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM networks 3G/WCDMA The air interface for one of the International Telecommunications Unions family of third-generation mobile communications systems LTE Designed to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, Long Term Evolution incorporates MIMO in combination with OFDMA GSM Roaming The ability for a customer to make  and receive calls, send  and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the coverage area of their home network IMB A technology, defined as a part of the 3GPP Rel. 8 standard, which enables spectrally-efficient delivery of Broadcast services using TDD radio techniques. 2. GSM Network The GSM technical specifications define the different entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements. The GSM network can be divided into four main parts: The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS). The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS). The architecture of the GSM network is presented in figure 1. 3. GSM Network Operations GSM network architecture: There are four main areas of GSM Network: Mobile station (MS) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) Base-station subsystem (BSS) Simplified GSM Network Architecture Mobile station Mobile stations (MS) are also widely known as mobile equipment (ME), cell or mobile phones. This is the part of a GSM cellular network which is used and operated by user. The size of mobile phone In recent years is becoming more and more smaller whereas the level of functionality has greatly increased. The two basic element of mobile phone are the hardware and the SIM. The main element of the mobile phone is hardware which includes the display, case, battery.Another important element of the Mobile are the electronics which are used to generate the signal, and process the data receiver and to be transmitted. International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is installed in the phone at manufacture and cannot be changed. The network can check whether the mobile has been reported as stolen with its IMEI while the registration of the phone. The network determines the identity of the user with The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM includes variety of information including a number known as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) The GSM network subsystem contains a variety of different elements. This is the element of GSM which provides the main control and interfacing for the whole mobile network. NSS is also known as the core network and includes the following elements: Authentication Centre Home Location Register SMS Gateway Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Gateway Mobile Switching Centre Mobile Switching services Centre Base Station Subsystem (BSS) The system used to communicate with other mobiles on a network is called Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section . It consists of two elements: Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC.It is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. As the subscriber population increases with the resulted number of BS, some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, thus it allows savings in the cost of ownership of the system. Each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is defined in the GSM structure. This facilitates the information interchanges can take place and also that network elements from different manufacturers can be used. Development of GSM Air Interface is the key elements of the development of the GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications. Elements including the modulation, GSM slot structure, burst structure and the like were all devised to provide the optimum performance. Modulation format is an important development of the GSM standard , the way in which the system is time division multiplexed, which provides a considerable impact on the performance of the system as a whole. For example, the modulation format for the GSM air interface and battery life are directly associated and the time division format adopted enabled the cellphone handset costs to be considerably reduced as detailed later. Reference: http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/windows-mobile-platform/articles/14286.aspx#ixzz0hoQeU6uY 4. GSM Advantages Disadvantages GSM Advantages GSM is grown-up means this development means a more constant network with healthy features. Fewer signal fall inside buildings. Ability to use repeaters. Talk-time is generally advanced in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets. GSM covers almost all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem. The subscriber can enjoy the broadest international coverage. It is possible with the GSM roaming service. Good coverage indoors on 850/900 MHz. Repeaters possible. Very good due to simple protocol, good coverage and mature, power-efficient chipsets. Some More Advantages most popular Communication Mobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services. Total mobility International access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers. Worldwide connectivity One number, the network handles every location. High capacity Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, and more customers per cell. High transmission quality High audio quality and reliability for wireless. Disadvantages of GSM Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially confident audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now. Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers. GSM has a permanent maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations. GSM has some disadvantages when compared to some of the newer mobile network technologies. GSM is known as a second-generation system. Third-generation systems feature higher data transfer rates. Higher transfer rates allow better call quality and additional services such as high-quality streaming video and high-speed Internet capabilities. Evolution from 2G to 3G 2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to fast changes in user expectation, they do not gather todays wireless needs. Cellular mobile telecommunications networks are being upgraded to use 3G technologies from 1999 to 2010. Japan was the first country to introduce 3G nationally. How is 3G different from 2G and 4G While 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1G networks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation) technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards. 3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices. 5. GSM Applications: 1. GSM-R: (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway) GSM-R is the latest technology for railway communications based on International wireless communications standards. The GSM-R system is based on GSM and EIRENE-MORANE specifications and it guarantee at 350 mph without any data loss in communication. GSM-R is one part of  ERTMS  (European Rail Traffic Management System) which is composed of: GSM-R. ETCS  (European Train Control System). Frequency band GSM-R uses a specific  frequency band in Europe, which is as follows: 876  MHz 880  MHz: used for data transmission (uplink) 921  MHz 925  MHz: used for data reception (downlink) Channel spacing is 200  kHz. GSM-R occupied a lower extension of GSM 900  MHz frequencies (890  MHz 915  MHz range for transmission and 935  MHz 960  MHz range for reception), as per 3GPP TS 05.05 V8.20.0 (2005-11). In  China  GSM-R occupied a 4  MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900  MHz-GSM). GSM-R uses GSM-R allows the services and applications for mobile communications in many domains: Transmission of Long Line Public Address (LLPA) announcements to remote stations down the line Control and protection (Automatic Train Control/ETCS) and  ERTMS) Communication between train driver and regulation centre, Communication of on-board working people Information sending for  ETCS Communication between  train stations,  classification yard  and  rail tracks 2. GSM for Disaster Management: GSM Technology is being used for prevention in disasters. Many cellular companies offer charity disaster relief services to the effected areas. The response program is an initiative to make sure that the communications are going on during disasters. The response team is made up of volunteers and telecom engineers who bring their equipments and the whole Mini-GSM system. Basically this is an entire Portable Mobile Network so that the effected people can have contact with the other people around the world. As we have seen in Haiti Earthquake disaster. 3. Remote monitoring applications using GSM Telemetry Remote Tank Level Monitoring Wireless Remote Monitoring for Pumps Leakage detection in Tanks Automated Condition Monitoring Remote communications to PLC using GSM Telemetry GSM Odometer (Mileage Management System) GSM odometer is such a device used to facilitate fleet administration of vehicles. This will report all necessary information about the vehicle through E-mail or mobile SMS. This device is based on GSM modem with embedded software. This is concept is called Mileage management System. This is a very useful technology for those organizations which need vehicle administration on daily basis. This system is fully compatible with your vehicle and central control room. GSM odometer also reports the following information: The total number of working hours of the vehicles Speed profiles of the vehicles Tracking using GSM location service Benefits of Mileage Management System: It provides very accurate mileage information of the vehicle. Easy vehicle service recall. Better customer services. Less process time 70 to 80% reduction in cost for daily fleet administration. Correct invoicing, information about the mileage may easily be integrated into the fleet owners billing and administration Enhanced Security Mobile Application Security: The mobile users around the globe are steadily increasing and hopefully will continue to grow more rapid in future. Openess offers benefits to the customers, device management and operators. But on the other habd oppenness also chanllenges the security risks and malicious applications. Therefore security is the key concern for the mobile and communications industry. GSM Association Mobile Application Security Initiative identified the need of security applications across mobile operating systems to reduce the malware while facilitating the users. The challenge for mobbile applications are many. Some are included which are: Proactively protect mobile users from fraud and malicious applications Assure quality and accountability of mobile applications Maintain trust in mobile platforms (and avoid similar problems in the Internet world) Secure existing and future business Protect operators against costs originating from malicious applications Facilitate certification processes to reduce barriers for developers Ensure consistency across different OS platforms and operators. 6. GSM Security and Encryption Description of GSM Security Features Security in GSM consists of the following aspects: subscriber identity authentication, subscriber identity confidentiality, signaling data confidentiality, and user data confidentiality. The subscriber is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). This information, along with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki), constitutes sensitive identification credentials analogous to the Electronic Serial Number (ESN) in analog systems such as AMPS and TACS. The design of the GSM authentication and encryption schemes is such that this sensitive information is never transmitted over the radio channel. Rather, a challenge-response mechanism is used to perform authentication. The actual conversations are encrypted using a temporary, randomly generated ciphering key (Kc). The MS identifies itself by means of the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is issued by the network and may be changed periodically (i.e. during hand-offs) for additi onal security. Signal and Data Confidentiality The SIM contains the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) which is used to produce the 64-bit ciphering key (Kc). The ciphering key is computed by applying the same random number (RAND) used in the authentication process to the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki). As will be shown in later sections, the ciphering key (Kc) is used to encrypt and decrypt the data between the MS and BS. An additional level of security is provided by having the means to change the ciphering key, making the system more resistant to eavesdropping. The ciphering key may be changed at regular intervals as required by network design and security considerations. Figure 6 below shows the calculation of the ciphering key (Kc). Subscriber Identity Confidentiality To ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below. 7. ADVANCEMENT IN THE GSM TECHNOLOGY: 1. INTERNET MOBILE SERVICES: IMS has been an major discovery by the 3GPP LTE concepts being introduced in the GSM mobile phones as its architecture is constantly being developed and more number of mobile service providers are implementing it to deliver services such as MMS and INTERNET. Because of this rapid advancement in the IMS technology is soon going to replace the traditional technologies used few years. Applying an IMS technology to an wireless mobile network is not an complex procedure as it only requires the mobile operators to possess the IMS core, Application servers and customer service to take care of the needs of the users. The IMS can be modified upon the 2G and 3G mobiles as well because the mobile operators want to globalise this technology by migrating it from AMERICA to different places across the globe and making it fully commercial by 2008. Mobile networks have become an major trend in carrying out all the IP operations as this will enable a mobile device to have both Mobile and fixed broadb and services and hence increasing the efficiency of the services. 2. VOIP OVER CELLULAR NETWORKS: VOIP has been an major interest and an advancement in the mobile industry as it is currently being implemented in almost 85% of the mobile across the globe and hence it is an globally accepted standard for the GSM mobiles as it is going to match the standards of the IMS multimedia Telephony in the 3GPP technology and it will give rise to many services such as Internet and MMS servicesd on the handset. The growth of the VOIP has been a huge success because it is constantly trying to eliminate the concept of voice over the wi-fi and many operators are trying to develope the VOIP in an better way to decerase the operational costs and to launch few new services such as Push to Talk and intergrated mashups for the 3g mobiles. 3. GSM operation onboard aircraft: GSM technology allows the air passengers to use their mobile phones to talk during the flight and the passengers are permitted to have incoming and outgoing calls and send and receive the text messages via SMS by the means of GPRS technology and the mobile phones are fitted with network access which have an on board network to allow the passengers to call but will be charged with an roaming cost of making calls. The frequency what we are assigning here is in the 1800hz bandwidth and it is generally lower than 900 mhz to avoid the ground interference. ARCHITECTURE: The LTE 3GPP concept is been used in the GSM onboard system , since the connectivity of the mobile phones in the plane is normally through the GSM standards which is being developed by the 3GPP networks. 8. CONCLUSION: Hence the technical advancements in the GSM Technology is going to be more feasible because the GSM service onboard is perhaps the best mode of advancement in the GSM technology because it is capable of delivering swervices over the flight where it effectively manages the On board system on the plane and the aviation industry is really benifited by bthis move of Mobile technology which can benifit the aviation industry also. To ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.

The Beast In the Cave Essay -- Literary Analysis, H.P. Lovecraft

â€Å"You’ve just crossed over into The Twilight Zone† says Rod Serling before every episode of The Twilight Zone. A show that leaves it’s viewers in a macabre state. Instead of drawing a conclusion like most shows, the show usually ends mysteriously. It utilizes similar elements as other short half-hour shows, but goes about it in a different way. This outlandish style is seen in literature, more specifically short stories, as well. Even though other short stories employ the same literary devices, â€Å"The Beast In The Cave† by H.P. Lovecraft is uniquely mysterious because of the story’s suspenseful plot, compelling diction, and, most important, overshadowing theme. In â€Å"The Beast In The Cave†, H.P. Lovecraft develops a suspenseful plot in order to build tension throughout the story that inevitably leaves the reader feeling disturbed and the story hanging. The plot itself is seems simple, but is complicated at the same time. Victoria Nelson talks about how Lovecraft’s stories tease the reader â€Å"with the tantalizing prospect of utter loss of control, of possession or engulfment, while remaining at the same time safely contained within the girdle of a formalized, almost ritualized narrative†. With â€Å"The Beast In The Cave†, the protagonist faces only one conflict throughout the story making it a simple plot line; however, the predicament he is in provides the complexity and tension that Lovecraft creates in other stories as well. The complexity of the plot starts when the reader is introduced to a man lost in a cave and his source of light goes out and continues when the man realizes that â€Å"starving would prove [his] ultimate fate† (1). Readers get a sense of hopelessness the man is feeling, and this is where the tensions begins to build. Alt... ...s. Design215 Inc., 2005-2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2011. . Fahy, Thomas Richard. The Philosophy of Horror. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, 2010. Print. King, Stephen. â€Å"Gramma.† Skeleton Crew. New York: Signet, 1986. 464-494. Lovecraft, H.P.. â€Å"The Beast in the Cave.† The Transition of H.P. Lovecraft: The Road to Madness. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996. 1-6. Nelson, Victoria. The Secret Life of Puppets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2001. WNC Database. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. Tibbetts, John C. The Gothic Imagination: Conversations on Fantasy, Horror, and Science Fiction in the Media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print. "The Use of Force--William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)." Classic Short Stories. B&L Associates, Bangor, Maine, U.S.A., 1995-2007. Web. 10 Dec. 2011. .

The Tuskegee Experiment

The Tuskegee experiment was yet another demonstration of racial inequalities and dehumanization illustrated by a people who believed in racial superiority. The experiment was unethical and demoralizing from the beginning. The analysis was corrupt and unethical for a plethora of reasons. The experiment disregarded several basic principles of the American Sociological Association’s code of ethics. Perhaps the greatest flaw in the experiment was the intended denial of treatment, which, in turn, directly affected the subject’s safety, violating the code of ‘protecting subjects from personal harm’. Respect the subject’s right to privacy and dignity’ is an additional custom in the code of ethics ignored. The researchers clearly could not even conceive the thought of respecting these â€Å"inferior racial guinea pigs†, not their health, their dignity, or their humanity. The fact that these men were made a mockery of, lied to, and belittled aff irms that the informed consent was nothing more than a deceitful tactic to involve the individuals.The men were advised that they were ill and were promised care, and were not told they were participants in an experiment, which precisely disrupts the code of ‘seeking informed consent when data are collected from research participants or when behavior occurs in a private context’. Though the event preceded the declaration of the informed consent notion, it is still fraudulent because of the timeline and deceptions planned and carried out by the conductors, therefore it should still be factored in, because of the depth and the fact that the participants were bamboozled.The fact that the treatments were ineffective have nothing to do with the experiment being ethical, as far as the conductors were concerned, treatment was out of the equation anyway, so the fact that the dosages were toxic is irrelevant. The advanced nature of the syphilis in each patient contributes to the prevailing thought that the study was not only misguided, but unscrupulous as well. These men needed immediate medical care, but the urgency was of no concern to the researchers.The fact that these men were told they were ill (and that they were) and promised care, but were denied it, provides further evidence that experiment should have been stopped before it was even initialized, but realistically that was not going to happen. When the patients began dying off, the researchers should have stepped in, stopped the study and treated the patients, but because of the â€Å"ignorance and easily influence nature† of the subjects, they were not given treatment.Ignorance is deemed the right term indeed, but only because the researchers left out the whole nature of the experiment. They were given placebos, food, shelter, and constant letters informing them they were being treated and followed up on. Initially, I believe the patients were, in a way, excited about the treatment, becau se they thought it was just that, treatment. The participants were not too quick to jump into the research though, until of course, they were given incentives, their cooperation was built on the promise of help and generosity of mankind.As time moved forward, I believe they were still hopeful due in part to the fabrication of treatment, but maybe a bit suspicious, hence the start of the covers for burial preparations if death, in fact, struck them. As the years progressed, many participants died, from the severity of their illness, so therefore much of the primary evidence of feelings and emotions is not known. Over time, I expect that the attitudes toward the experiment, from the perspective of the participants and outsiders, did indeed change, and not positively. In decades following, the attention became negative, angry, and impatient.As of now, I believe people, of all races, are utterly disgusted and outraged. The fact that this continued for nearly forty years is incredible an d ridiculous. Withholding information of this magnitude, which affects one’s health or safety is unacceptable. In other studies, it can be accepted, because many times, knowing the intent of an experiment can alter the outcome, defined in the Hawthorne Effect. So long as the study does not inflict harm or danger to its subjects, both physically and mentally, withholding information can be justified.When an experiment is found to be unethical or corrupt period, the information gathered should be discarded and not used or profited for the advancement of science, because that in turn, discredits science in general. If the results were to be published and interpreted, being incorrect, then future experiments and observations founded on these primitive notions will not only be invalid, but could lead to negative effects. To conclude, not only was the trail immoral and unethical, it could have potentially changed the face of science and how we look at diseases, such as syphilis its elf.

Economics and ethics Essay

Describe the tension that exists in businesses today between economics and ethics. Do you think that there really does have to be a tradeoff between economics and ethics? What strategies can be implemented to avoid this tension? Provide examples and research to support your thinking. The reading by Tima Bansal describes the back and forth tension of economics versus ethics. The article states, â€Å"On the one hand, social programs come at an economic cost and firms should not engage in activities that do not have a clear return. On the other hand, economic returns create social costs (Bansal, 2005).† The author then proceeds to explain that this tradeoff between ethics and economics isn’t necessary and that companies should find the overlapping space where activities are both financially profitable, and socially and environmentally responsible (Bansal, 2005) I agree with the author that companies need to be smart and make good decisions and it may take more effort, but if the effort is given the reward will be worth it. I don’t think a tradeoff is necessary if the effort is put forth like in the examples the author gives. By having cross-functional team meetings or involving the shareholders through community involvement in the two examples provided, the companies were able to meet the middle ground and maintain their responsibility (Bansal, 2005). I work for a small company and every month a charitable organization is supported through donations and the company matches what the employees contribute. I think it’s nice to have this involvement. With so many options, the company may have a tough time deciding on where it should contribute to society, but by letting the employees have a voice, they can openly affect those organizations that the employees feel would impact the most. Bansal, T. (2005). Building sustainable value through fiscal and social responsibility. Ivey Business Journal. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/building-sustainable-value-through-fiscal-and-social-responsibility/ Final Project Milestone #2: The Three Spheres In a journal post titled 2-2: The Three Spheres, explain how your chosen company has demonstrated corporate citizenship in the economic, political, and civil spheres. Provide specific examples. Be sure to examine what the company says about itself, what you have experienced, and what other stakeholders have said or experienced. Cite at least two sources. This milestone will be graded using the Journal Rubric. Be sure to clearly address the questions in the prompt in your journal entry. The post should be at least 350-500 words, applying relevant research, citing at least two sources in each entry. Be as clear and scholarly as you can in your writing style; and of course, be sure your entry is free of errors in organization and grammar. Courtney Croce 2.2: The Three Spheres Target Corporation The three spheres of corporate social responsibility include economical, political, and civic. To achieve and maintain profitability, it’s said that corporations must learn to operate successfully within all three. Economics includes initiatives that help increase profits to the shareholders. Politics includes abiding by rules and laws and business power in society. Civil surrounds enhancing lives of the shareholders. Economically, Target has reduced it’s packaging on many levels of the items it sells. They also began using flexible envelopes in shipping online orders, which reduced packaging by 89 percent. As a result they expect to ship 50000 fewer pounds of cardboard every year. Other than offering lower prices Target wants its products to be made with integrity by qualified vendors who treat workers well, who obey the law, and whose processes minimize their effect on the environment. They’ve begun to do this by working closely with their vendors and setting clear expectations through Standards of Vendor Engagement. They require all vendors to behave to the principles they’ve established and they monitor their progress. Target starts with the basics from the political standpoint, which is ensuring they are abiding by every law and regulation that pertains to the business. They also expect all team members to behave with personal and professional integrity. To support their team members they clearly list the requirements in the Business Conduct Guide, they have a dedicated Corporate Compliance and Ethics Team, have teams focused on building and sustaining business compliance programs and offer integrity training. All of these initiatives help ensure that everyone at Target is abiding by the laws and regulations. Target’s civil responsibility is currently focusing on education. They have set a goal to $1 billion to education by the end of 2015. They have started doing several things like donating books, and providing food pantries for families to help set students, parents, and teachers up for success. They’ve decided to focus on education after gathering information from their customers indicating that that is a popular concern amongst. The EVP also expressed concerns about the reading level and that those who are unable to read by the age of three are less likely to graduate. https://corporate.target.com/corporate-responsibility/education https://corporate.target.com/_media/TargetCorp/csr/pdf/2013-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf